补充知识
补充1. AT&T汇编
由于内核代码采用的gcc编译器使用AT&T的汇编格式,首先补充下关于AT&T汇编的知识。
- 汇编器命令 (assembler directives)
- 汇编程序中以
.
开头的不会被翻译成机器指令,而是给编译器一些特殊的指示。 - 操作数赋值方向
- 从左到右。
- 前缀
- 寄存器前缀为
%
,立即数前缀为$
。
- 寄存器前缀为
- 后缀
- 指令最后一个字符用于表示操作数的大小,
b
表示byte(1个字节),w
表示word(2个字节),l
表示long(4个字节)。
- 指令最后一个字符用于表示操作数的大小,
补充2. A20门和PS/2 Controller
在 8086 中有 20 根地址总线,通过 CS:IP 对的方式寻址,最大访问地址为 1MB,然而,FFFFH:FFFFH = 10FFEFH,也就是说从 100000H 到 10FFEFH 无法访问,当访问这段地址时,会产生 wrap-around,也就是实际访问地址会对 1MB 求模。
到了 80286 中有 24 根地址总线,最大访问地址为 16MB。这个时候,不会产生 wrap-around,为了向下兼容 8086,需要使用第 21 根地址总线。
所以 IBM 的工程师使用 PS/2 Controller 输出端口中多余的端口来管理 A20 gate,也就是第 21 根地址总线(从 0 开始)。
注意下表,0x60
用于读写数据,0x64
用于读写状态。
PS/2 Controller IO Ports
IO Port | Access Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
0x60 | Read/Write | Data Port |
0x64 | Read | State Register |
0x64 | Write | Command Register |
Status Register
Bit | Meaning |
---|---|
1 | Input buffer status (0 = empty, 1 = full) (must be clear before attempting to write data to IO port 0x60 or IO port 0x64) |
Command Register
Command Byte | Meaning | Response |
---|---|---|
0xD1 | Write next byte to Controller Output Port Note: Check if output buffer is empty first |
None |
PS/2 Controller Output Port
Bit | Meaning |
---|---|
1 | A20 gate (output) |
boot.S
boot/boot.S
可以分为两部分,第一部分是在实模式下运行的。
#include <inc/mmu.h>
# Start the CPU: switch to 32-bit protected mode, jump into C.
# The BIOS loads this code from the first sector of the hard disk into
# memory at physical address 0x7c00 and starts executing in real mode
# with %cs=0 %ip=7c00.
# .set 相当于 #define,用于设置常量
.set PROT_MODE_CSEG, 0x8 # kernel code segment selector
.set PROT_MODE_DSEG, 0x10 # kernel data segment selector
.set CR0_PE_ON, 0x1 # protected mode enable flag
# .globl使得连接程序(ld)能够看到start。
# 作用是使得同一文件夹的其他文件能引用start。
.globl start
start:
.code16 # Assemble for 16-bit mode
cli # Disable interrupts
cld # String operations increment
# Set up the important data segment registers (DS, ES, SS).
# AX, DS, ES, SS 寄存器全部置0
xorw %ax,%ax # Segment number zero
movw %ax,%ds # -> Data Segment
movw %ax,%es # -> Extra Segment
movw %ax,%ss # -> Stack Segment
# Enable A20:
# For backwards compatibility with the earliest PCs, physical
# address line 20 is tied low, so that addresses higher than
# 1MB wrap around to zero by default. This code undoes this.
# 从PS/2 Controller的I/O Port读取一个byte
# **** **1* 表示忙, 所以用0x2作test运算
# 若test结果不为0, jnz跳转回函数起点
seta20.1:
inb $0x64,%al # Wait for not busy
testb $0x2,%al
jnz seta20.1
# 通知PS/2 Controller,将下一个写入0x60的字节写出到 Output Port
movb $0xd1,%al # 0xd1 -> port 0x64
outb %al,$0x64
# 与seta20.1作用相同,等待端口空闲
seta20.2:
inb $0x64,%al # Wait for not busy
testb $0x2,%al
jnz seta20.2
# 将0xdf写出到0x60, 再写出到 Output Port, 打开了A20 gate
movb $0xdf,%al # 0xdf -> port 0x60
outb %al,$0x60
# Switch from real to protected mode, using a bootstrap GDT
# and segment translation that makes virtual addresses
# identical to their physical addresses, so that the
# effective memory map does not change during the switch.
lgdt gdtdesc
movl %cr0, %eax
orl $CR0_PE_ON, %eax
movl %eax, %cr0
第二部分是在保护模式下运行的
# Jump to next instruction, but in 32-bit code segment.
# Switches processor into 32-bit mode.
ljmp $PROT_MODE_CSEG, $protcseg
.code32 # Assemble for 32-bit mode
protcseg:
# Set up the protected-mode data segment registers
movw $PROT_MODE_DSEG, %ax # Our data segment selector
movw %ax, %ds # -> DS: Data Segment
movw %ax, %es # -> ES: Extra Segment
movw %ax, %fs # -> FS
movw %ax, %gs # -> GS
movw %ax, %ss # -> SS: Stack Segment
# Set up the stack pointer and call into C.
movl $start, %esp
call bootmain
# If bootmain returns (it shouldn't), loop.
spin:
jmp spin
# Bootstrap GDT
.p2align 2 # force 4 byte alignment
gdt:
SEG_NULL # null seg
SEG(STA_X|STA_R, 0x0, 0xffffffff) # code seg
SEG(STA_W, 0x0, 0xffffffff) # data seg
gdtdesc:
.word 0x17 # sizeof(gdt) - 1
.long gdt # address gdt