打开百度,输入“千奇百怪的美国法律:圆周率的值是4”这样的内容,很容易就能搜出来“在印第安纳州,圆周率法定为4”这样的结果。显然,任何一个上过小学的人都能明确的告诉你,圆周率的值是3.14而非4,那么美国人民究竟出了什么问题,要立法确保圆周率的值为4呢?
这事要从100多年前说起。
1897年的2月,印第安纳州众议院的秘书将一份《印第安纳众议院第二百四十六条法案》的特别文件呈送到了议长的案头。这是一份极其特殊的法案,因为它还有一个别名,叫做《印第安纳圆周率法案》。这份法案全文如下:
ENGROSSED HOUSE BILL No. 246
A Bill for an act introducing a new mathematical truth and offered as a contribution to education to be used only by the State of Indiana free of cost by paying any royalties whatever on the same, provided it is accepted and adopted by the official action of the Legislature of 1897.
Section 1
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana: It has been found that a circular area is to the square on a line equal to the quadrant of the circumference, as the area of an equilateral rectangle is to the square on one side. The diameter employed as the linear unit according to the present rule in computing the circle's area is entirely wrong, as it represents the circle's area one and one-fifth times the area of a square whose perimeter is equal to the circumference of the circle. This is because one fifth of the diameter fails to be represented four times in the circle's circumference. For example: if we multiply the perimeter of a square by one-fourth of any line one-fifth greater than one side, we can in like manner make the square's area to appear one-fifth greater than the fact, as is done by taking the diameter for the linear unit instead of the quadrant of the circle's circumference.
Section 2
It is impossible to compute the area of a circle on the diameter as the linear unit without trespassing upon the area outside of the circle to the extent of including one-fifth more area than is contained within the circle's circumference, because the square on the diameter produces the side of a square which equals nine when the arc of ninety degrees equals eight. By taking the quadrant of the circle's circumference for the linear unit, we fulfill the requirements of both quadrature and rectification of the circle's circumference. Furthermore, it has revealed the ratio of the chord and arc of ninety degrees, which is as seven to eight, and also the ratio of the diagonal and one side of a square which is as ten to seven, disclosing the fourth important fact, thatthe ratio of the diameter and circumference is as five-fourths to four; and because of these facts and the further fact that the rule in present use fails to work both ways mathematically, it should be discarded as wholly wanting and misleading in its practical applications.
Section 3
In further proof of the value of the author's proposed contribution to education and offered as a gift to the State of Indiana, is the fact of his solutions of the trisection of the angle, duplication of the cube and quadrature of the circle having been already accepted as contributions to science by the American Mathematical Monthly, the leading exponent of mathematical thought in this country. And be it remembered that these noted problems had been long since given up by scientific bodies as insolvable mysteries and above man's ability to comprehend.
看不懂?没关系,我来为你翻译一下。这份法案的大意如下:愚蠢的人类啊,你们一直搞错了圆周率的数值,3.14159神马的,根本就不对!我现在证明出来了圆周率的值应该是3.2,同时我基于这个圆周率还搞出来了用尺规三等分任意角和倍立方体得法子!我的这些个伟大发明已经在美国数学月刊上发表了,所以我现在请求议会立法将圆周率确定为3.2——此外,虽然我已经为我的这些伟大发明申请了专利,但是由于伟大的我心系本州教育事业,你们通过了这个法案以后本州可以免费使用这些方法!
印第安纳州众议院的议长瞬间就湿润了,他迅速叫人验证这个人的说辞是否属实,手下很快就找来了美国数学月刊,证明这个人的相关证明确实被刊发了。要知道,尺规作图“化圆为方”、“三等分任意角”、“倍立方体”这三大问题可是家喻户晓的古希腊三大几何难题!议长马上决定开会讨论这个议案,这关系到我印第安纳州在科学界的领先地位,切切拖沓不得!
众议院的议员们面对如此高深的法案瞬间也湿润了,有议员提出建议:这么高深的法案,咱们是不是应该交给财经委员会来探讨呢?毕竟他们整天接触数字,比较专业啊!但是另外一个议员否定了这个提议,他认为应该交给教育委员会,毕竟人家这个法案的提出是为了孩子们着想的啊!大家纷纷称善,于是这份法案被提交到教育委员会讨论,教育委员会的委员们开会研究后得出结论——这个法案十分合理,天衣无缝,建议马上投票立法!于是众议院以67票同意,0票反对的表决通过了这份法案。
按照美国的立法程序,这个法案将被提交至参议院进行表决,如果参议院通过的话,只需要州长签字就可以实现立法。而这部法律由于其特殊性(不涉及利益平衡),很可能被顺风顺水的通过。
提出这个霸气侧漏的法案的人名叫Edward J. Goodwin,是一名医生兼数学民科。虽然1830年,法国数学家伽罗华的理论已经能够证明尺规作图完成三等分角等问题是不可能的,但是直到1882年,德国数学家林德曼才证明了圆周率π=3.1415926......是超越数,并且尺规作图是不可能作出超越数来,所以用尺规作图的方式解决化圆为方、三等分角等问题是不可能实现的。而远在美国大陆的Edward同学显然没看过林德曼的论文,他在用自创的方法计算出圆周率等于3.2之后,十分激动的发现什么三等分角啊,倍立方体啊这些问题全都迎刃而解!而他投稿的《美国数学月刊》在这个年代为了鼓励美国本土数学发展,在录用文章时颇有点“不拘一格降人才”的意思,因此虽然编辑发现了他证明中的问题,但是在多次沟通之后还是刊发了他的证明,只是在文章前标注了“Published by the request of the author”的字样。而美国的版权保护法显然不可能阻止他为自己的证明方法申请专利……
于是Edward同学迅速成为了印第安纳州参议院的热门人物,大家以为一个冉冉升起的科学新星马上就要诞生了。而报道了这事的Der Tägliche Telegraph这份报纸又是一份德语报纸,因此在社会上也没能第一时间引起大家的广泛注意,所以眼瞅着印第安纳州立法通过圆周率等于3.2这事就要成了……
在这个关键的时刻,一位数学家的到来,拯救了整个印第安纳议会,令他们不至于成为全美国乃至全世界的笑柄。
这位教授名叫Clarence Abiathar Waldo,是普度大学的一名数学教授。他到印第安纳州是为了和参议员们商讨印第安纳科大年度拨款事宜的,当参议员们兴冲冲的向他介绍Edward这位数学界的新星时,Waldo哈哈大笑,轻蔑的说道这种货色我在普度门口见的多了,这你们也信?
信啊,我们都准备立法通过圆周率等于3.2了!
啥!!??你们印第安纳的议员都是白痴么!!
气疯了的Waldo迅速在参议院里开展了一轮科普活动,经过他的教育(或者说嘲讽),大家纷纷明白了过来……
这时候其他报纸也注意到了印第安纳州准备立法确认圆周率等于3.2这事了,全国各地的报纸对这事大加嘲讽,认为印第安纳州议员们的脑子都坏掉了。恼羞成怒的议员们在参议院的会议上驳回了这份法案,声称Edward同学用这种垃圾浪费着参议院宝贵的时间和精力,简直就是要自绝于人民!或许他们已经忘了,就在一个礼拜前,他们还将Edward称为天才来的。
虽然事情得到了圆满的解决,印第安纳州的脸面勉强得以保存,但是经过媒体的传播与发酵,很快全世界就都知道这件囧事了。以讹传讹之后,到了今天,你很容易就能在网上搜到印第安纳洲有条囧法:pi的值是4,而不是3.14这样的内容了。
这个故事告诉我们:民科有毒,贻害无穷,今天你为民科站台,明天民科就会让你被世界耻笑……