这篇也是接上一篇,发送请求的url就是前面创建的java web工程中有的。
1、HTTP中GET和POST的区别
首先要了解下GET和POST的区别。
HTTP定义了4种与服务器交互方法:GET,POST,PUT,DELETE。URL全称是资源描述符,可以这样认为:一个URL地址,它用于描述一个网络上的资源,而HTTP中的GET,POST,PUT,DELETE可以理解为就对应着对这个资源的查,改,增,删4个操作。GET一般用于获取/查询资源信息,而POST一般用于更新资源信息。GET和POST的区别主要从以下几个方面理解:
- 用途
根据HTTP规范,GET用于信息获取,用于获取信息而非修改信息。GET请求一般不应产生副作用。它仅仅是获取资源信息,就像数据库查询一样,不会修改,增加数据,不会影响资源的状态。对同一URL的多个请求应该返回同样的结果。 POST可能修改变服务器上的资源的请求。 - 请求数据的传递方式
GET请求的数据会附在URL之后(就是把数据放置在HTTP协议头中),以?分割URL和传输数据,参数之间以&相连,如:buy.jsp?product=apple&amount=1111&verify=%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD
。如果数据是英文字母或者数字,原样发送,如果是空格,转换为+
,如果是中文或者其他字符,则直接把字符串用BASE64加密,得出如:%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD,其中%XX中的XX为该符号以16进制表示的ASCII。而POST把提交的数据则放置在是HTTP包的包体中。 - 提交数据的大小限制
GET方式提交的数据最多只能是1024字节(GET请求中参数是附在url后面的,实际上这个长度是url长度的要求)。理论上POST没有限制,可传较大量的数据。这一点可以先简单这么理解。 - 安全性
POST的安全性要比GET的安全性高。比如,通过GET提交数据,用户名和密码将明文出现在URL上。 - 常见场景
在FORM表单中,Method默认为"GET"。在浏览器地址栏中输入url发生请求都是GET,如果要发送POST请求就需要通过提交form表单来完成。
2、Java代码发送GET和POST请求
Java中应该有好多种方式,可以发送GET和POST请求。这里介绍两种:通过HttpURLConnection和通过Apache HttpClient库。
2.1 通过HttpURLConnection发送GET和POST请求
这种方式基本上算是java原生的,不需要导入任何jar包依赖就可以运行。代码如下:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
/**
* Created by chengxia on 2018/12/4.
*/
public class HttpURLConnectionDemo {
public String doPost(String URL){
OutputStreamWriter out = null;
BufferedReader in = null;
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
HttpURLConnection conn = null;
try{
URL url = new URL(URL);
conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
//发送POST请求必须设置为true
conn.setDoOutput(true);
conn.setDoInput(true);
//设置连接超时时间和读取超时时间
conn.setConnectTimeout(30000);
conn.setReadTimeout(10000);
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json");
conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
//获取输出流
out = new OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream());
String jsonStr = "{\"qry_by\":\"name\", \"name\":\"Tim\"}";
out.write(jsonStr);
out.flush();
out.close();
//取得输入流,并使用Reader读取
if (200 == conn.getResponseCode()){
in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream(), "UTF-8"));
String line;
while ((line = in.readLine()) != null){
result.append(line);
System.out.println(line);
}
}else{
System.out.println("ResponseCode is an error code:" + conn.getResponseCode());
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
try{
if(out != null){
out.close();
}
if(in != null){
in.close();
}
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
return result.toString();
}
public String doGet(String URL){
HttpURLConnection conn = null;
InputStream is = null;
BufferedReader br = null;
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
try{
//创建远程url连接对象
URL url = new URL(URL);
//通过远程url连接对象打开一个连接,强转成HTTPURLConnection类
conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
//设置连接超时时间和读取超时时间
conn.setConnectTimeout(15000);
conn.setReadTimeout(60000);
conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
//发送请求
conn.connect();
//通过conn取得输入流,并使用Reader读取
if (200 == conn.getResponseCode()){
is = conn.getInputStream();
br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
String line;
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null){
result.append(line);
System.out.println(line);
}
}else{
System.out.println("ResponseCode is an error code:" + conn.getResponseCode());
}
}catch (MalformedURLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
try{
if(br != null){
br.close();
}
if(is != null){
is.close();
}
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
conn.disconnect();
}
return result.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
HttpURLConnectionDemo http = new HttpURLConnectionDemo();
System.out.println("Testing 1 - Do Http GET request");
http.doGet("http://localhost:8080");
System.out.println("\nTesting 2 - Do Http POST request");
http.doPost("http://localhost:8080/json");
}
}
运行的输出如下:
Testing 1 - Do Http GET request
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello Word!</h1>
</body>
</html>
Testing 2 - Do Http POST request
[{name:'Kobe', team:‘Lakers’},{name:'Tim', team:‘Spurs’}]
Process finished with exit code 0
从这个例子的代码中就可以看出,GET请求向服务器发送的数据,都放在url中,这样在发送请求是不用向请求正文中写入数据。而POST请求在发送时,必须先将发送的数据,写入到请求正文中。下面的apache httpclient实现中,也能看出这个区别。
2.2 通过Apache HttpClient发送GET和POST请求
这里需要用到Apache HttpClient的依赖包,所以要先去官网下载依赖的jar包:
解压之后,将lib目录下所有的jar包文件,导入到工程的依赖目录(我曾经天真的以为只需要一个
httpclient-4.5.6.jar
,然而在编译时各种报错,全部导入到就好了):最后,Java代码如下:
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* Created by chengxia on 2018/12/5.
*/
public class ApacheHttpClientDemo {
public String doGet(String url){
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = null;
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
String result = "";
try{
//通过默认配置创建一个httpClient实例
httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//创建httpGet远程连接实例
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
//httpGet.addHeader("Connection", "keep-alive");
//设置请求头信息
httpGet.addHeader("Accept", "application/json");
//配置请求参数
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
.setConnectTimeout(35000) //设置连接主机服务超时时间
.setConnectionRequestTimeout(35000)//设置请求超时时间
.setSocketTimeout(60000)//设置数据读取超时时间
.build();
//为httpGet实例设置配置
httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
//执行get请求得到返回对象
response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
//通过返回对象获取返回数据
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
//通过EntityUtils中的toString方法将结果转换为字符串,后续根据需要处理对应的reponse code
result = EntityUtils.toString(entity);
System.out.println(result);
}catch (ClientProtocolException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭资源
if(response != null){
try {
response.close();
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(httpClient != null){
try{
httpClient.close();
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
return result;
}
public String doPost(String url){
//创建httpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
String result = "";
try{
//创建http请求
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
httpPost.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
//创建请求内容
String jsonStr = "{\"qry_by\":\"name\", \"name\":\"Tim\"}";
StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(jsonStr);
httpPost.setEntity(entity);
response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
result = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(),"utf-8");
System.out.println(result);
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭资源
if(response != null){
try {
response.close();
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(httpClient != null){
try{
httpClient.close();
}catch (IOException ioe){
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ApacheHttpClientDemo http = new ApacheHttpClientDemo();
System.out.println("Testing 1 - Do Http GET request");
http.doGet("http://localhost:8080");
System.out.println("\nTesting 2 - Do Http POST request");
http.doPost("http://localhost:8080/json");
}
}
由于是向相同的url发送请求,这个例子的输出和前面的例子是一样的。
参考
-
How to send HTTP request GET/POST in Java
分别介绍了Standard HttpURLConnection和Apache HttpClient library发送http请求的方法,有例子。 -
Java - sending HTTP parameters via POST method easily
这个链接中提到了get请求参数通过url传递,post通过正文传递。
In a GET request, the parameters are sent as part of the URL.
In a POST request, the parameters are sent as a body of the request, after the headers. - 浅谈HTTP中Get与Post的区别
-
Java 通过HttpURLConnection Post方式提交json,并从服务端返回json数据
一个通过HTTPURLconnection发送json数据的例子