Gut Microbiome: The Peacekeepers
我们改变不了遗传属性(身高,长相),但我们可以通过后天环境来改变我们的健康
我们的饮食习惯,生活环境塑造了我们体内有哪些微生物
微生物又反过来决定了我们的免疫能力和健康状况?
在生态系统科学中,“关键物种”在塑造更大的生态系统中具有巨大的意义
他们似乎占据特殊的生态位。类似于咽喉要害之高地
内部微生物生态系统中,关键物种往往数量不多,然而维和微生物数量巨大。
有点“将少而精,兵多而强”的意思
我们往往通过不健康的饮食习惯培养了大量的有害细菌“贪官污吏”
而我们拒绝的那些膳食纤维,有益细菌爱吃的食物导致大量清官忠臣流失
我们的身体如何能变得健康呢?
世界万物都处在一个平衡状态,我们应该正视这种平衡,敬畏这种平衡
肠道微生物群落的研究已经从描述核心物种转移到鉴定不同微生物所起的核心生态功能,许多潜在的物种都可能实现给定的功能。这就产生了另一个概念,即“基本关系”纤维和代谢纤维的菌之间的互作关系是所有肠道生物存在的基本条件。这或许是微生物和人类之间的共生协议
微生物塑造了我们,还是我们塑造了微生物群落?
免疫系统的功能之一就是培育或者栽培友善的微生物,我们依靠他们来保持自己的健康。这种栽培是双向的,我们体内的微生物居民面通过塑造我们来控制我们的免疫功能
Our microbes eat what we eat. Moreover, our particular surroundings may seed us with unique microbes, “localizing” our microbiota
我们吃什么,微生物就吃什么。我们所处的环境会给我们接种特殊的微生物,使我们的微生物具有因人而异的群落特征
In ecosystem science, “keystone species” have an outsize role in shaping the greater ecosystem.
When animal life exploded some 800 million years ago, microbes had already existed on Earth for maybe three billion years. A major innovation in animal evolution was the gut—a tube that takes nutrients in one end and expels waste from the other. It is even possible, argues Margaret McFall-Ngai, a microbiologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, that microbes drove the evolution of the gut directly. Plants only succeeded in colonizing land when they had developed relationships with microbes that helped them extract vital nutrients from soil. Perhaps one evolutionary innovation of animals was to scoop up the microbial communities necessary for survival and to take them along for the ride, achieving mobility.
8亿年前动物大爆发时候,微生物已经在地球上存在了30亿年了。动物主要的进化就是肠道——一个可以从一段吸收营养从另一端排除废物的管状物。Wisconsin–Madison大学的微生物学家Margaret 讲到,微生物直接驱动了肠道的进化。
植物只有与微生物发展合作关系来帮助自己从土壤中提取营养物质才成功征服了土地。或许,一个动物进化上的创新就是吸收了对生存至关重要的微生物群落才实现了移动能力以及空前的繁荣。
我们人类呢?能离开微生物吗?我们的健康,我们的智力,甚至我们自己或许都是由微生物决定的!说不好,那就是上帝呢!
The field of gut microbiome research has already moved from the idea of describing the core species to identifying the core ecological functions various microbes perform. Many potential species may fulfill any given role. Now another concept may be emerging, which might be called the keystone relationship. “The interaction between fiber and microbes that consume it,” Sonnenburg says, “is the fundamental keystone interaction that everything else is built on in the gut.” It may lie at the heart of the symbiotic pact between microbes and humans.