冯莉莉教授，美国注册护士、医护师、计算机学位等身份，她一直在学习在进步，这次是20多年来首次回国参加我们举办的会议。

在几年前就与冯老师在讨论国内外护理的拓展问题，对比国内和美国的特点，或许有借鉴学习的地方，很多时候越聊越深入，因此每次交流都到半夜，其实，她在美国，我们在地球的两面交流，虽然有微信这样的通讯工具，但有些内容也没办法在微信说清楚。

特别是谈到职业拓展的问题，很多人都只觉得，学护理，一辈子就是临床上的小护士了。其实不是，看冯老师的身份，已经是跨专业甚至是跨界了，哪怕是我，也都从事教师、管理网站、呆过手术室、还是医疗互联网的产品经理，也算是跨了不少行业。

在设计护士笔记APP的护士身份分类时，当时就把护士可拓展的直接总结为以下十几个

当然，上面的专科护士很多还没发展完善，甚至是才开始在国内实行。

今天看了冯老师的PPT，美国居然有100种护士职业，而且，每种都有相应的考取方式。

有100项护理分支，不一定都适合国内，但可以肯定的是，这是护理行业发展的趋势，高学历，高专业的学科。

所以，这里的一百项我们并不适用，我会在接下来的时间用一篇文章介绍，国内护理人员应该向哪个领域发展或专科方向发展。

本人英文水平一般，大家可以用翻译器翻译这100项内容吧，在此感谢冯老师的授权发布的总结

Below is a list of 100 things you can do with a any number of different types of nursing degree. Some of these positions do require specializations and many will need you to hold a master’s degree (MSN) at least.

（麦：下面列出了护理100种不同类型的工作。其中一些职位需要专业化，很多人至少需要你持有硕士学位（MSN）。）

1. Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse

Work with people with psychiatric problems in hospitals or psychiatric wards and prisons.

2. Physician’s Office Nurse

Work directly with people and the job tends to be 9 to 5.

3. Nurse Case Manager (案例管理)

You will need an MSN degree for this role.

4. Nursing Informatics Specialist

This requires an MSN degree specialization.

5. School Nurse

Work directly with children. You will have some time off during school holidays.

6. Legal Consultation Nurse

Relates to the handling of medical malpractice cases.

7. Research Nurse (研究)

Gives you the opportunity to pave the way for the future.

8. Diabetes Management Nurse

Work directly with people with diabetes, helping them manage their condition.

9. Cruise Ship Nurse

This is a fantastic opportunity for those who want to travel the world. You will generally have a reasonably low workload, but you do have to be on call around the clock.

10. Camp Nurse

Work in summer camps involving children. However, there are also increasing numbers of health-related camps, such as those for people who are overweight.

11. Parish Nurse

If you have a religious affiliation, this will allow you to integrate health and spirituality.

12. Staff Nurse

Work regular hours with reasonable pay in a hospital or any healthcare setting.

13. Nurse Midwife

Help deliver babies. You will also be involved in providing ante- and post-natal care.

14. Insurance Firm Nurse

Insurance companies often need nurses to assess claims.

15. Keep Studying Towards a Bachelor’s, Master’s or Doctorate Degree

Nurses are committed to the furthering of the professional education. From being a nurse assistant, you can move on to license practical nurse,

to an associate’s degree in nursing, to a bachelor’s degree, to a master’s degree and finally a Ph.D. in nursing.

16. Work Abroad

The nursing degree that you obtain in this country can be transferred to a license to practice in most other countries.

17. Prison Nurse

This is incredibly hard work and not for the faint of heart.

18. District Nurse

Take responsibility over health delivery and health promotion in a specific district.

19. Learning Disabilities Nurse

Work with children and adults who have various levels of learning disabilities.

20. Occupational Health Nurse

Work in large companies or in hospitals. You will ensure people can work in a mentally and

physically safe manner.

21. Pediatric Nurse

Work with children between the ages of 0 and 19.

22. Pharmaceutical Nurse

This is an interesting field for nurses who no longer wish to work directly with patients. Working for

pharmaceutical companies is a very interesting alternative.

23. Public Health Nurse

This is reserved for those with an MSN degree.

24. Plasma or Blood Bank Nurse

You will take plasma and blood from donors, encourage others to donate, test blood and more.

25. Army Nurse

The army is always looking for nurses, particularly since we are still involved in a number of different conflicts.

26. Home Health Nurse

You get to build a long lasting relationship with your patients, whom you will see in their homes.

27. Hospice Nurse

Hospice nursing is hard, as you will be dealing with people who are dying. Your role will be to

allow them to do so comfortably and in a dignified manner,

and supported by their loved ones.

28. Surgery Nurse

Assist surgeons during procedures, as well as look after patients during recovery.

29. Critical Care Nurse

Critical care nursing is one of the most fast-paced jobs.

30. Emergency Room Nurse

You will never know what sort of cases you are going to get. Expect long, unsociable hours

in a fast-paced environment.

31. Managed Care Nurse

For those with chronic or terminal conditions, who require specialized care at home and/or in health

care settings for the rest of their lives.

32. Dermatological Nurse

This allows you to treat skin conditions.

33. Plastic Surgery Nurse

Plastic surgery is often done for cosmetic reasons, although it is also done for people with

disfigurements and scars.

34. Burns Unit Nurse

Work with people who have suffered burns, including fire burns and acid burns.

35. Oncology Nurse

Work with cancer patients.

36. Rehabilitation Center Nurse

Help people who have had an accident or other physical issue to regain as much mobility as possible.

37. Missionary Nurse

Spread the word of God throughout the world, while at the same time deliver health care

to impoverished countries.

38. Charity Nurse

Numerous charities employ nurses, many of which provide disaster relief.

39. Traveling Nurse

Traveling nurses are sent from one place to the next for short durations of time to cover in hospitals and

care settings with an acute shortage of nurses.

40. Inspire Others

Be an inspiration to other people by showing your care and dedication to others.

41. Rural Nurse

Many nurses work specifically in areas with poor access to health care.

42. Outpatient Care Nurse

Outpatient care is one of the easier sides of nursing, as it allows you to treat patients ad hoc and then send them back home.

43. Nurse Anesthetist

Assist surgeons and anesthetists during procedures.

44. Health Administration Nurse

Health administration allows you to work in a range of healthcare fields, where you can influence policy development.

45. Clinical Nurse Specialist

A CNS has a specialization in a very targeted area of nursing practice, such as women’s health.

46. Clinical Nurse Leader

This is the newest nursing role, whereby your goal will be to improve safety outcomes and care quality for patients.

47. Family Nurse Practitioner

Work with everybody in the family, seeing them as a full unit rather than groups of individuals.

48. Health Visitor

Health visitors mainly focus on working with women who have had babies in the past two years, ensuring the development of the babies and infants is as expected.

49. Paramedic

Paramedics provide acute emergency care. It is a stressful job with long, unsociable hours, but it is also incredibly rewarding.

50. Licensed Nursing Facility Administrator

Handle the administration in facilities like nursing homes. Generally, you will have very little direct contact with patients.

51. Health Coach

Teach others how to obtain and maintain optimum health.

52. Nutrition and Fitness Nurse

Work directly with individuals who hire you on a personal level.

53. Nanny

Although perhaps far removed from nursing, many nurses can become a nanny as it allows them to work on a one-one-one basis with a young child.

54. Acute Care Nurse

Adult-gerontology acute care is a very popular field of work, where you take care of adult patients with various problems as and when they present themselves.

55. Community Nurse

Represent an entire community of people, usually underserved ones.

56. Obtain Further Non-nursing Related Education, Such as Counseling, Social Work or Law

Many nurses who hold a bachelor’s degree go on to achieve another bachelor’s or a master’s degree in an non-nursing field.

57. Health Programs Nurse

The development of health programs allows you to make a true difference across the world, improving outcomes while reducing costs at the same time.

58. Health Representative at Conferences and Media

Whenever decisions are made in the field of healthcare, they have to be presented to the rest of the world and questions have to be answered about this.

59. NGO Nurse

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) often help to improve the world on a very personal level and offer very rewarding career options.

60. Procurement Nurse

You will purchase the equipment needed for nurses to do their jobs properly, always trying to find the lowest price and highest quality.

61. Nursing Students Mentor

New students require mentors to look up to. This is something anyone with a nursing degree should aspire to be.

62. Grant Writing Nurse

Grant writing means you are directly responsible for applying for funding in the hopes of improving health care delivery.

63. Health Facilities Survey Nurse

This will allow you to ensure health facilities are fit and will actually improve the health of the people they serve.

64. Commissioner for Health Products and Programs

More and more services are now outsourced and by working in commissioning. You will ensure that the right services are used.

65. Quality Assurance Nurse(质量保证/维护护士)

Quality improvement can be achieved in all areas of nursing.

66. Public Health Research Nurse

See whether certain initiatives have actually improved the health outcomes of the population and why.

67. Disease Prevention Nurse

Help stop the spread of infectious diseases.

68. Epidemics Research Nurse

There is a significant worry that we are on the brink of a new epidemic or pandemic, like Ebola. Nurses are needed to research the various new illnesses and

come up with cures and techniques to prevent spreading.

69. Asylum Nurse

Asylum seekers often have highly complex health needs, including psychological needs.

70. Nurse for At Risk Populations

Certain populations are classed as “at risk,” such as veterans and the homeless. They often require specialized health care.

71. Nurse Lobbyist

You will speak to Congressmen and Senators in the hope of encouraging certain health care ideas to be legislated and receive funding.

72. Federal Health Care Nurse

Work on federal health care development programs to affect outcomes for various populations.

73. Continuous Professional Education Coordination

All nurses are dedicated to their continuous professional education. Coordinating this and keeping on records on further education is an interesting and varied role.

74. Bioterrorism Research Nurse

Bioterrorism requires extensive knowledge on development and behavior of pathogens.

75. Medical Journalist

Investigate and report on healthcare issues around the globe.

76. Disaster Management and Relief Nurse

Provide health care to affected populations after a disaster.

77. Toxicology Nurse

Having an understanding of poisons and their effects on humans is hugely important.

78. Environmental Health Nurse

Environmental health, how our behavior affects the planet and how the planet affects our health are very important issues to look at for a nurse.

79. Hazardous Waste Nurse

Hazardous waste could have devastating consequences on the health of entire populations.

80. Industrial Nurse

This is closely related to occupational health, although this type of nurse will look more at overall risk and hazard prevention.

81. Forensic Nurse

Forensic nursing is often required after crimes have been committed.

82. Study Programs Development Nurse

Develop programs for the next nursing generation.

83. Vaccine Research Nurse

Ensure that people are immunized against various illnesses, and review their effectiveness and possible side effects.

84. Ambulatory Care Nurse

With ambulatory care, cases that would usually require stay in hospital are resolved on an outpatient basis.

85. Flight or Transport Nurse

Help treat people who have to be expatriated due to illness or injury.

86. Certified Nurse Assistant

Support the workload of other nurses and ensure they can perform their job properly.

87. Cardiac Catheterization Lab Nurse

Help to insert catheters into aortas to diagnose heart conditions.

88. HIV/AIDS Nurse

HIV/AIDS continues to be a significant health issue that requires research, development and care.

89. Genetics Nurse

You will research genes and their effects.

90. Holistic Nurse

Holistic nurses believe everything is interconnected and needs to be addressed in order to provide great health care.

91. Mind, Body and Spirit Nurse

Very similar to holistic nursing but you often use Eastern and Oriental care techniques, including Reiki and acupuncture.

92. Legal Nurse Consultant

Provide consultation on legal matters within the health care field.

93. NICU Nurse

Work with very sick and premature babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

94. Peri-Anesthesia Nurse

Help patients who are coming out of anesthesia.

95. Peri-Operative Nurse

Look after patients who are recovering from surgery.

96. Radiology Nurse

Work extensively with cancer patients.

97. Registered Nurse

Most of those who have a nursing degree simply begin work as an RN before choosing an area of specialization.

98. Transplant Nurse

Work with people who require organ transplants.

99. Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing

This is a highly specialized field of nursing where you deal with patients who have problems with wounds, ostomy and continence. Only some 4,000 nurses worldwide have specialized in this field to date.

100. Focus on Improved Health Care Outcomes

DATA analysis and research, must be MSN.