在开发者界，一些名词是人尽皆知的。为了与自己的程序员朋友可以大致沟通，我摘取了一些名词做一些简单的介绍。
In developer's world, there are some terms which are all known to us. So for a better communication with our developer friends, I make a brief introduction of them to you.
Linux & Unix & Macintosh & Windows
上面所列出来的四个名字是当今最流行的操作系统(OS)，下面我将一个个介绍他们：
The four names I have listed is the most popular Operating Sysems in the world, then I will make introduction one by one:
Windows
因为大家最熟悉的就是这个，所以先介绍这个加上一些预备科普。
Because we're familiar with this, so I do for Windows first and some pre-knowledge is also introduced in this one.
Windows不是窗口，而是一个操作系统。
Windows is not a window in your mind, but an operating system.
操作系统（英语：Operating System，缩写：OS）是一组主管并控制计算机操作、运用和运行硬件、软件资源和提供公共服务来组织用户交互的相互关联的系统软件程序，同时也是计算机系统的内核与基石。操作系统需要处理如管理与配置内存、决定系统资源供需的优先次序、控制输入与输出设备、操作网络与管理文件系统等基本事务。操作系统也提供一个让用户与系统交互的操作界面。
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
简单的说，操作系统就是用户与计算机的桥梁。帮助用户管理硬件，提供各种便利，使用户可以集中于软件而不用担心硬件问题。曾经经常出现的蓝屏就是因为操作系统崩溃导致的，普通人在这种“灾难”面前是无能为力的。
In short, operating System is the bridge between user and computer. It can help users to manage hardware so that user can focus on software without worrying about hardware.
在计算机发展的早期阶段，只有专业人员才会操作计算机，并且他们什么也做不了，除了计算几个数学问题。随着科技的不断发展，人们开始逐渐意识到计算机孕育着未来。与此同时，在苹果推出第一个图形化界面操作系统后，比尔·盖茨认为图形化界面(GUI)是计算机的未来，于是创建了大名鼎鼎的微软，创造了Windows，并开启了操作系统的垄断之路。
In the early stages of computer development, only professionals could operate computers, and they could do nothing but calculate a few mathematical problems. With the continuous development of science and technology, people begin to realize that computers breed the future. At the same time, after Apple launched the first graphical interface operating system, Bill Gates thought that graphical interface (GUI) was the future of computer, so he created the famous company Microsoft, OS Windows and opened the monopoly road of operating system.
我不想在文章里面讲述太多历史之类不太重要的东西，所以一些东西可能没有涉及到。
I don't wanna write some crap such as the history of Windows, so some of it are not involved in this article.
Windows是一个非常优秀的操作系统，这无愧于它的名头与市场份额。一个没有接受过高等教育的人都可以熟练的使用Windows操作系统，这是Windows的市场定位决定的，面向普通人群，以容易使用为核心。
Windows is a good Operating System and it deserves its reputation and market share. A normal one who haven't taken high education can use Windows very well, which is the aim of Windows, with the core of using easily.
但是，容易使用为核心的用途并不是十分得开发者的喜爱。以普通用户为核心的Windows系统在提供便捷使用的同时，也不断地将自身的结构复杂化，一些十分实用的工具在Windows上是无法使用的，例如terminal。起初，它只提供了cmd，shell命令根本无法与常用的命令相匹配。
But, the consequence of the aim to focus on normal users is that Windows is not used often by developers. Windows is making the operation easier, meantime, it also complicates the framework of itself, and some practicle tools are banned by Windows, such as, terminal. At first, it provides only cmd, and the shell command is very different from the common one.
不过微软公司也在不断地争取开发者的喜爱。它推出了一个软件Windows terminal，能够很好的使用powershell 与 git bash等等非常流行的命令行控制应用。
But, Microsoft is going to get the preference of developers. It publishes a software called Windows Terminal, which is very portable to use the command line software like powershell, git bash.
Windows terminal不仅能够很好的兼容各个命令行软件，还能够修改配置使其非常美观。这里就不说了，一般的命令行软件是与普通用户无关的。
Windows terminal can not only compatible command line software, but also can change its json file to beautify itself. And I wil not show you how to do it, because this is far away from ordinary users.
同时，微软推出了一系列的软件应用以获得开发者的喜爱，像Edge浏览器、WSL等等。
At the same time, Microsoft launches a serise of softwares to get the star of developers, such as Edge Browser, WSL and so on.
PS:WSL之后介绍。(the introduction of WSL is followed)
这是关于Windows的简短介绍。
This is a simple introduction about Windows.
Unix
Unix是贝尔实验室开发出来的一款十分优秀的分时操作系统。 Unix is a exllent Time sharing operating system developed by Bell Labs.
分时操作系统是指多个任务，每一段极其微小的时间执行一个任务，让每一个任务都认为自己独占了计算机中宝贵的资源（CPU） Time sharing operating system refers to multiple tasks, each extremely small period of time to execute a task, so that each task thinks that it has monopolized the precious resources (CPU) of the computer.
每次提到Unix，都倍感惋惜。Unix是被版权专利拖垮的一个成果。它的老东家AT&T在早前拥有版权的时候，在意识到Unix极大的商业价值后不再将Unix的源码授予其他机构使用，这大大减缓了Unix的进步速度。最终导致计算机历史发生了翻天覆地的变化。 When it refers to Unix, I feel so sorry for that. Unix is destoryed by Patent dispute. Its earlier owner is AT&T. And AT&T no longer authorized the source code of Unix to others, when it knew the great huge business value of Unix. Its behavior completely changed the history of computer science, even the history of human being.
对于普通人来说，现在完全符合Unix标准的操作系统已经不是很常见了。但是，Unix看上去渐渐的淡出了人们的视野，它的Unix哲学深深地影响着这个世界。我想这可能是Unix最大的贡献了吧。 For ordinary users, the operating system conforming to Unix Standard is not very common. It sounds like Unix has gone, but the phylosophy of it deeply effects the world. I regard it as its hugest contribution to the world.
Unix 哲学
- 一：小即是美。Small is beautiful.
- 二：让程序只做好一件事。Make each program do one thing well.
- 三：尽可能早地创建原型。Build a prototype as soon as possible.
- 四：可移植性比效率更重要。Choose portability over efficiency.
- 五：数据应该保存为文本文件。Store data in flat text files。
- 六：尽可能地榨取软件的全部价值。Use software leverage to your advantage.
- 七：使用shell脚本语言来提高效率和可移植性。
Use shell scripts to increase leverage and portability.- 八：避免使用可定制性低下的用户界面。Avoid captive user interfaces.
- 九：所有程序都是数据的过滤器。Make every program a filter.
Linux
谈到Linux，就不得不谈到Linus Torvalds。Linus Torvalds是现今世界上最为优秀的程序员、黑客之一，他创造了Linux与git两款改变世界的产品。同时Linus也是开源运动的先驱、践行者。Linux在接下来会介绍，git是一款版本管理软件，方便开发者上传、拉取项目代码。世界上最著名的开发者社区GitHub就是git衍生出来的一个社区。这个社区是现如今源代码开源运动的最为杰出的代表。
When it turns to Linux, I have to introduce Linus Torvalds. He is one of the best programmers and the most famous hacker in the world. He creates Linux and git, the both of which have changed the world greatly. Meanwhile Linus is pioneer of the open source, he made Linux core open source from the first code line to now. Linux is going to be introduced following, git is a software which is very useful for developers. And git has resulted in the most famous, active developers' community, which is the supreme symbol of the open source.
软件的自由决定着人类的自由。
The freedom of software determines the freedom of human beings.
Linux是一款类Unix系统，是Unix派生出来的操作系统。Linux是以Linux core为内核，吸收了gnu的优点而成的卓越的操作系统。Linux内核是Linus在大学期间写出来的，他说开发Linux内核纯粹是出于兴趣，同时他还有一本自传《just for fun》，讲述了他辉煌的人生，文笔十分幽默。关于GNU有一个十分著名的笑话：
Linux is Unix-like operating system. Linux is an operating system with Linux core and gnu. Linux core was written by Linus during the college. He said: "I developed it just for fun." And he has autobiography also named "just for fun", which shows Linus is very sucessful and humourous. There is a very famous joke about GNU:
一个学生问老师：“老师，GNU的全称是什么？”
A student asks teacher:"Sir, could you tell the full name of GNU?"
老师回答说："GNU is Not Unix."
Teacher:"Of course, GNU is Not Unix."
学生：“我问的是GNU的全称。”
Student:"I said GNU's full name."
老师：“就是GNU is Not Unix.”
Teacher:"It is GNU is Not Unix."
由于Linux的内核开源，所以世界上衍生出了很多Linux发行版，像Red Hat, Ubuntu, CentOS等等，可以看到有很多企鹅🐧。企鹅是Linux的吉祥物，上图那只坐着的企鹅是最早期Linus选择作为吉祥物的。(听说你电脑上的那一只企鹅是受这个影响而出现的。
For the reason that Linux core is open source, there is so many distributions of Linux in the world, such as RedHat, Ubuntu, CentOS and so on. As you can see, there is some penguins above. Penguin is mascot of Linux, and the biggest penguin above is selected by Linus at first.
Linux有图形界面与命令行界面两种，但是图形界面不是很常见。命令行的功能十分强大，在此不做过多展开，只需要知道它很牛就可以了。
Linux is divided into GUI and command line, and GUI is not very common. Command line is very powerful.
macOS
macOS也是类Unix系统，是类Unix系统中最优秀的一款图形化界面的操作系统。苹果公司的产品一直以性价比低出名，但是还是有许多用户热衷于苹果公司的产品包括iPad, iPhone, MacBook, 这是因为苹果公司的独创性与生态十分出色，同时界面十分出色，颜值极高。
MacOS is also a UNIX like system, which is the best graphical interface operating system in UNIX like system. Apple's products have always been famous for their low cost performance, but many users are still keen on Apple's products, including iPad, iPhone and MacBook. This is because Apple's originality and ecology are excellent, and its interface is excellent and its appearance is extremely high.
MacBook在开发者手中是十分普遍的，不仅是因为出色的图形化界面，还有非常优秀的命令行使用（与Linux命令行操作都是继承于Unix）。
MacBook is very common among developers, not only because of its excellent graphical interface, but also because of its excellent command-line use (and Linux command-line operations are inherited from Unix).
（由于我现在没有用过macos(=没有钱)……所以我对Mac了解的不够多，介绍的也不够）
至于开发者为什么不喜欢使用Ubuntu之类的Linux图形操作界面，第一是因为Linux发行版的图形化做的不是那么好看，第二是有一些软件没有兼容Linux，第三就是没有逼格。
As for why developers don't like to use Linux GUI like Ubuntu, the first reason is that the graphical features of Linux distribution are not so good-looking, the second is that some software is not compatible with Linux, and the third is that it seems they are poor.
