Word & Expression
1.in a nutshell 简而言之
原文：This is naive practice in a nutshell.
E-E:to state the main facts about sth in a short clear way.
2.well-defined 表述清楚的
原文：If you’re a weekend golfer and you want to decrease your handicap by five strokes, that’s fine for an overall purpose, but it is not a well-defined, specific goal that can be used effectively for your practice.
E-E:clearly stated or described;easy to see or understand
3.holler (因为兴奋，生气）大声吼叫
原文：Now, not everyone will focus by hollering and pounding on a table, but Steve’s performance illustrates a key insight from the study of effective practice.
E-E:to shout very loudly,especially because you are angry,excited (AmE)
4.desultory a.漫无目的的，无条理的
原文：Instead, the student’s words seem to imply a rather desultory attempt at practice, with no effort to do more than what was already easy for him.
E-E:done without any particular plan or purpose
5.pep talk (非正式）打鸡血的话
原文：Before I read the thirty-nine-digit string, he gave himself an excited pep talk, seemingly conscious of nothing but the approaching task: “We have a big day here! . ..
E-E:a short speech intended to encourage sb to work harder, win a game etc
中文感悟
1.purposeful practice & naive practive
Purposeful practice has several characteristics that set it apart from what we might call “naive practice,” which is essentially just doing something repeatedly, and expecting that the repetition alone will improve one’s performance.
刻意训练（有目的的训练）有以下四个特征，下面会一一解释：well-defined，specific goals；focused；feedbacks；get out of one‘s comfort zone。而所谓“不带目的”的学习只是在做机械重复，一旦成为肌肉记忆，大脑的思考便开始停止，也就进入我们所谓的瓶颈期。在之前读过的一本书Mindfulness，文章里分析大多数人缺乏洞察力主要是因为“习惯”，习惯成自然，当认为一切就是如此时，其实就是创造力受限的表现！摆脱mindless，从审视自己的行为开始！我为什么练习？我应该从哪里突破？换种方式会得到什么反馈？这种方式做的很顺手了，是不是还有其他方式？
2.well-defined and specific goal
Our hypothetical music student would have been much more successful with a practice goal something like this: “Play the piece all the way through at the proper speed without a mistake three times in a row.”Without such a goal, there was no way to judge whether the practice session had been a success.
做事须有目的，否则方向在哪？就像加入读书会，也是带有目的而来，想学好英文，想通过英语的视角发现世界！而达到这个目的需要的是无时无刻的练习。
