3.6 Understand how you can become radically open-minded.
知道怎样能成为极致的开放主义者
No matter how open-minded you are now, it is something you can learn. To practice open-mindedness:
不论你现在是否开放主义者，都有一些东西你能通过学习用以训练开放思想。
A、通常情况下痛苦能带来高质量的反馈。心理疾病通常来自于当 一个人或一个活动面临挑战而过度执着于某一个想法上。这种情况在你自身弱点被指出时尤其明显。这种心理疾病可能是你潜在错误的线索，你需要更高质量的思考问题。想做到这点，首先保持冷静。可能会很困难:你可能感觉自己的大脑杏仁核高度紧张，让你的身体充满张力，或者出现烦恼、愤怒、或者易怒的情形。在他们出现的时候记录。由于保守主义者的天生对这些感知能力，你能使用这些线索去控制自己的行为并指导自己通往开放思想。这样做通常能加强你的能力并让你保持在“高我”的状态。做到越多，你将愈发强大。
a. Regularly use pain as your guide toward quality reflection. Mental pain often comes from being too attached to an idea when a person or an event comes along to challenge it. This is especially true when what is being pointed out to you involves a weakness on your part. This kind of mental pain is a clue that you are potentially wrong and that you need to think about the question in a quality way. To do this, first calm yourself down. This can be difficult: You will probably feel your amygdala kicking in through a tightening in your head, tension in your body, or an emerging sense of annoyance, anger, or irritability. Note these feelings when they arise in you. By being aware of such signals of closed-mindedness, you can use them as cues to control your behavior and guide yourself toward open-mindedness. Doing this regularly will strengthen your ability to keep your “higher-level you” in control. The more you do it, the stronger you will become.
B、形成“开放思想”的习惯。你的生活仅仅是你的习惯的结果。如果你能持续使用愤怒/挫折的感觉作为线索让自己冷静，放慢，三思而行，不久你将大大减少经历负面情绪的概率并直接开始我前面描述的开放思想的训练。
当然，这会很困难因为“低我”的你是如此强大和顽固。好消息是“杏仁核劫持”并不会维持很长时间即使你在那时候很难控制自己，你照样能给自己一点时间让“高我”来高质量的准确反馈。让那些你尊敬的人也来帮助你把。
b. Make being open-minded a habit. The life that you will live is most simply the result of habits you develop. If you consistently use feelings of anger/frustration as cues to calm down, slow down, and approach the subject at hand thoughtfully, over time you’ll experience negative emotions much less frequently and go directly to the open-minded practices I just described.
Of course, this can be very hard for people to do in the moment because your “lower-level you” emotions are so powerful. The good news is that these “amygdala hijackings”27 don’t last long so even if you’re having trouble controlling yourself in the moment, you can also allow a little time to pass to give your higher-level you space to reflect in a quality way. Have others whom you respect help you too.
C、知道自己的盲点。你是保守主义者，在一个领域形成了一个意见而恰恰哪里有一个盲点，简直太糟糕了、所以我们需要花点时间仔细记录我们通常做出糟糕决定的环境，因为你可能就失败在没有多看看其他人是怎么说的。询问他人—尤其是你忽略的人—通过这样帮助你。写一个列表，钉在墙上，注意力集中。如果一旦你发现自己在这些（列表上）的领域开始决策而没有咨询他人，你就知道自己可能会有很大风险，而期待你能你希望的结果是不符合逻辑的。
c. Get to know your blind spots. When you are closed-minded and form an opinion in an area where you have a blind spot, it can be deadly. So take some time to record the circumstances in which you’ve consistently made bad decisions because you failed to see what others saw. Ask others—especially those who’ve seen what you’ve missed—to help you with this. Write a list, tack it up on the wall, and stare at it. If ever you find yourself about to make a decision (especially a big decision) in one of these areas without consulting others, understand that you’re taking a big risk and that it would be illogical to expect that you’ll get the results you think you will.
D、如果一些不同的但可信的人说你错了，你可能真的是哪个唯一不那么看待问题的人。假设你可能很大概率有偏见。客观点！也有可能你是对的他们是错的，你应该从对抗的状态调整为“提问题”模式，比较你与他们的可信度，如果需要可以采用一种中性派对和你尊敬的人一起打开死结。
d. If a number of different believable people say you are doing something wrong and you are the only one who doesn’t see it that way, assume that you are probably biased. Be objective! While it is possible that you are right and they are wrong, you should switch from a fighting mode to an “asking questions” mode, compare your believability with theirs, and if necessary agree to bring in a neutral party you all respect to break the deadlock.
E、冥想。我练习了先验冥想并相信这样能强化开放思想，获得更高的视角，平静，和创造性。冥想能让自己放缓节奏，这样我就能冷静面对混乱，就像在街头混战中的忍者。我不是说你必须冥想才能培养这种视角；只是冥想帮助了我和很多其他人，所以我要求你慎重考虑冥想。
e. Meditate. I practice Transcendental Meditation and believe that it has enhanced my open-mindedness, higher-level perspective, equanimity, and creativity. It helps slow things down so that I can act calmly even in the face of chaos, just like a ninja in a street fight. I’m not saying that you have to meditate in order to develop this perspective; I’m just passing along that it has helped me and many other people and I recommend that you seriously consider exploring it.
F、以证据为依据并鼓励他人也这样。大多数人听不总是只看事实，并根据证据做出客观的结论。相反，人们基于自己的潜意识做决定，他们会选择性的过滤掉证据并依据欲望行事。可能是人们缺乏知觉潜意识的发生并控制自己的事实，或者允许其他人引导你这样。
f. Be evidence-based and encourage others to be the same. Most people do not look thoughtfully at the facts and draw their conclusions by objectively weighing the evidence. Instead, they make their decisions based on what their deep-seated subconscious mind wants and then they filter the evidence to make it consistent with those desires. It is possible to become aware of this subconscious process happening and to catch yourself, or to allow others to catch you going down this path. When you’re approaching a decision, ask yourself: Can you point to clear facts (i.e., facts believable people wouldn’t dispute) leading to your view? If not, chances are you’re not being evidence-based.
当你做出一个决策，问问你自己：你能清晰描述导致你的意见的事实吗？(例如，那些可信之人并不会纠结的事实)，如果不能，有很大可能你就不是基于证据推导的。
G、进你所能去帮助他人成为“开放主义者”。
平和，合理的呈现你的观点将有助于阻止对抗 动物性/杏仁核反应。保持合理并期待他人也能合理。询问并要求他们指出支持他们观点的证据。记住，不要争执；仅仅是公开的对真相的探索。根据反馈决定讲什么将会非常有用。
g. Do everything in your power to help others also be open-minded.
Being calm and reasonable in how you present your view will help prevent the “flight-or-fight” animal/amygdala reaction in others. Be reasonable and expect others to be reasonable. Ask them to point to the evidence that supports their point of view. Remember, it is not an argument; it is an open exploration of what’s true. Demonstrating that you are taking in what they are telling you can be helpful.
H、使用基于证据决策制定工具。这些原则都是被设计用来帮你克服“低我，动物性的你”，让你更好，让大脑在控制下完成高水平的决策制定。
如果你能彻底与低我的部分断开，而与一台决策制定计算机相连能给你合乎逻辑的推导观点，我们将何以自处那？构想下这台计算机基础的决策制定机械比你有着更好的轨迹记录，因为计算机能捕捉更合乎逻辑，过程信息量更大更快，而且决策过程没有情绪干扰。你愿意使用它吗？我生涯中面临的挑战我已经创造类似的工具，我认为如果没有这些工具我不可能取得成功。我毫不怀疑在未来的岁月这些决策制定工具将继续进步而更加智慧的决策者也将学习如何将它们与自己的思考整合。我促请你掌握它们并考虑使用它们。
h. Use evidence-based decision-making tools. These principles were designed to help you get control over your lower-level/animal you and put your better, higher-level decision-making brain in charge.
What if you could unplug that lower part of your brain entirely and instead connect with a decision-making computer that gives you logically derived instructions, as we do with our investment systems? Suppose this computer-based decision-making machine has a much better track record than you because it captures more logic, processes more information more quickly, and makes decisions without being emotionally hijacked. Would you use it? In confronting the challenges I’ve faced in the course of my career I’ve created exactly such tools, and I am convinced that I would not have been nearly as successful without them. I have no doubt that in the years ahead such “machine-thinking” tools will continue to develop and that smart decision makers will learn how to integrate them into their thinking. I urge you to learn about them and consider using them.
I、知道何时停止争执，忠于你的决策制定过程。独立思考是重要的，为你的信仰战斗吧，但总会有智者停止争执开始接受那些可信者认为最佳的观点的时候。这当然是非常困难的。但保持开放思想显然是睿智和最终有益于你。如果你不理解他们的观点 那么你很可能对他们的思考方式也不理解。如果你能继续做你认为最好的而所有的证据和可信之人都反对你，你会被认为骄傲自满。
i. Know when it’s best to stop fighting and have faith in your decision-making process. It’s important that you think independently and fight for what you believe in, but there comes a time when it’s wiser to stop fighting for your view and move on to accepting what believable others think is best. This can be extremely difficult. But it’s smarter and ultimately better for you to be open-minded and have faith that the consensus of believable others is better than whatever you think. If you can’t understand their view, you’re probably just blind to their way of thinking. If you continue doing what you think is best when all the evidence and believable people are against you, you’re being dangerously arrogant.
真相是大多数人会变得彻底开放思想，而有些人不能，即使在他们反复遭遇自以为是的打击后任然不能。那些不能掌握彻底开放思想者不会经历蜕变，不会让他们变得更好。而我自己则在碰撞打击中学会了谦卑，尤其1982年的那次大打击。获得思想开放并不意味着失去自信。事实上，正因为思想开放能增加一个人获胜赔率，也能增加信心 。正是因为那次大打击让我今后能更少风险的取得更多成功。
成为真正开放思想需要时间。就像所有真正的学习，很大程度上是一个习惯问题；一旦你做过多次后差不多就是本能了，你能发现其他方式让人难以忍受。早些时候提到的，一般需要花费18个月时间，而这在整个生命周期中微不足道。
The truth is that while most people can become radically open-minded, some can’t, even after they have repeatedly encountered lots of pain from betting that they were right when they were not.28 People who don’t learn radical open-mindedness don’t experience the metamorphosis that allows them to do much better. I myself had to have that humility beaten into me by my crashes, especially my big one in 1982. Gaining open-mindedness doesn’t mean losing assertiveness. In fact, because it increases one’s odds of being right, it should increase one’s confidence. That has been true for me since my big crash, which is why I’ve been able to have more success with less risk.
Becoming truly open-minded takes time. Like all real learning, doing this is largely a matter of habit; once you do it so many times it is almost instinctive, you’ll find it intolerable to be any other way. As noted earlier, this typically takes about eighteen months, which in the course of a lifetime is nothing.
