参考：https://blog.csdn.net/ifwinds/article/details/80849184
一、String Java Docs解读
/**
* The {@code String} class represents character strings. All
* string literals in Java programs, such as {@code "abc"}, are
* implemented as instances of this class.
* <p>
* Strings are constant; their values cannot be changed after they
* are created. String buffers support mutable strings.
* Because String objects are immutable they can be shared. For example:
* <blockquote><pre>
* String str = "abc";
* </pre></blockquote><p>
* is equivalent to:
* <blockquote><pre>
* char data[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
* String str = new String(data);
* </pre></blockquote><p>
* Here are some more examples of how strings can be used:
* <blockquote><pre>
* System.out.println("abc");
* String cde = "cde";
* System.out.println("abc" + cde);
* String c = "abc".substring(2,3);
* String d = cde.substring(1, 2);
* </pre></blockquote>
* <p>
* The class {@code String} includes methods for examining
* individual characters of the sequence, for comparing strings, for
* searching strings, for extracting substrings, and for creating a
* copy of a string with all characters translated to uppercase or to
* lowercase. Case mapping is based on the Unicode Standard version
* specified by the {@link java.lang.Character Character} class.
* <p>
* The Java language provides special support for the string
* concatenation operator ( + ), and for conversion of
* other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented
* through the {@code StringBuilder}(or {@code StringBuffer})
* class and its {@code append} method.
* String conversions are implemented through the method
* {@code toString}, defined by {@code Object} and
* inherited by all classes in Java. For additional information on
* string concatenation and conversion, see Gosling, Joy, and Steele,
* <i>The Java Language Specification</i>.
*
* <p> Unless otherwise noted, passing a <tt>null</tt> argument to a constructor
* or method in this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be
* thrown.
*
* <p>A {@code String} represents a string in the UTF-16 format
* in which <em>supplementary characters</em> are represented by <em>surrogate
* pairs</em> (see the section <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode
* Character Representations</a> in the {@code Character} class for
* more information).
* Index values refer to {@code char} code units, so a supplementary
* character uses two positions in a {@code String}.
* <p>The {@code String} class provides methods for dealing with
* Unicode code points (i.e., characters), in addition to those for
* dealing with Unicode code units (i.e., {@code char} values).
*
* @author Lee Boynton
* @author Arthur van Hoff
* @author Martin Buchholz
* @author Ulf Zibis
* @see java.lang.Object#toString()
* @see java.lang.StringBuffer
* @see java.lang.StringBuilder
* @see java.nio.charset.Charset
* @since JDK1.0
*/
在Java语言中，所有类似“ABC”的字面值，都是String类的实例；String类位于java.lang包下，是Java语言的核心类，提供了字符串的比较、查找、截取、大小写转换等操作；Java语言为“+”连接符（字符串连接符）以及对象转换为字符串提供了特殊的支持，字符串对象可以使用“+”连接其他对象。
Java语言为“+”连接符以及对象转换为字符串提供了特殊的支持，字符串对象可以使用“+”连接其他对象。其中字符串连接是通过 StringBuilder（或 StringBuffer）类及其append 方法实现的，对象转换为字符串是通过 toString 方法实现的，该方法由 Object 类定义，并可被 Java 中的所有类继承。有关字符连接和转换的更多信息，可以参阅 Gosling、Joy 和 Steele 合著的 《The Java Language Specification》
二、“+”号连接符
字符串“+”号连接实质会创建一个StringBuilder()对象，并调用append()方法将数据拼接，最后调用toString()方法返回拼接好的字符串
与此之外还有一种特殊情况，也就是当"+"两端均为编译期确定的字符串常量时，编译器会进行相应的优化，直接将两个字符串常量拼接好
三、StringBuilder和StringBuffer
StringBuilder和StringBuffer的唯一区别是StringBuffer是线程安全的，它的所有方法都加了sychronized关键字
* <p>Instances of {@code StringBuilder} are not safe for
* use by multiple threads. If such synchronization is required then it is
* recommended that {@link java.lang.StringBuffer} be used.
public synchronized StringBuffer append(StringBuffer sb) {
toStringCache = null;
super.append(sb);
return this;
}
/**
* @since 1.8
*/
@Override
synchronized StringBuffer append(AbstractStringBuilder asb) {
toStringCache = null;
super.append(asb);
return this;
}
StringBuilder常用的两个方法：append和insert
* <p>The principal operations on a {@code StringBuilder} are the
* {@code append} and {@code insert} methods, which are
* overloaded so as to accept data of any type. Each effectively
* converts a given datum to a string and then appends or inserts the
* characters of that string to the string builder. The
* {@code append} method always adds these characters at the end
* of the builder; the {@code insert} method adds the characters at
* a specified point.
* <p>
* For example, if {@code z} refers to a string builder object
* whose current contents are "{@code start}", then
* the method call {@code z.append("le")} would cause the string
* builder to contain "{@code startle}", whereas
* {@code z.insert(4, "le")} would alter the string builder to
* contain "{@code starlet}".
* <p>
* In general, if sb refers to an instance of a {@code StringBuilder},
* then {@code sb.append(x)} has the same effect as
* {@code sb.insert(sb.length(), x)}.
* <p>
StringBuilder的初始容量是16字符
/**
* Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
* initial capacity of 16 characters.
*/
public StringBuilder() {
super(16);
}
StringBuilder是自动扩容的
* Every string builder has a capacity. As long as the length of the
* character sequence contained in the string builder does not exceed
* the capacity, it is not necessary to allocate a new internal
* buffer. If the internal buffer overflows, it is automatically made larger.
每次扩容为原来的2倍+2或传入字符串的长度
/**
* @since 1.8
*/
AbstractStringBuilder append(AbstractStringBuilder asb) {
if (asb == null)
return appendNull();
int len = asb.length();
ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
asb.getChars(0, len, value, count);
count += len;
return this;
}
/**
* This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is
* never synchronized.
*/
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
}
/**
* This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
* size check or synchronization.
*/
void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;
if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
if (newCapacity < 0) {
if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
}
四、字符串常量池
在HotSpot VM中字符串常量池是通过一个StringTable类实现的，它是一个Hash表，默认值大小长度是1009；这个StringTable在每个HotSpot VM的实例中只有一份，被所有的类共享；字符串常量由一个一个字符组成，放在了StringTable上。要注意的是，如果放进String Pool的String非常多，就会造成Hash冲突严重，从而导致链表会很长，而链表长了后直接会造成的影响就是当调用String.intern时性能会大幅下降（因为要一个一个找）。
在JDK6及之前版本，字符串常量池是放在Perm Gen区(也就是方法区)中的，StringTable的长度是固定的1009；在JDK7版本中，字符串常量池被移到了堆中，StringTable的长度可以通过-XX:StringTableSize=66666参数指定。至于JDK7为什么把常量池移动到堆上实现，原因可能是由于方法区的内存空间太小且不方便扩展，而堆的内存空间比较大且扩展方便。
直接使用双引号声明出来的String对象会直接存储在字符串常量池中。常量池中不存在两个相同的对象
五、intern方法
intern 方法是一个native方法，intern方法会从字符串常量池中查询当前字符串是否存在，如果存在，就直接返回当前字符串；如果不存在就会将当前字符串放入常量池中，之后再返回。
/**
* Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
* <p>
* A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the
* class {@code String}.
* <p>
* When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
* string equal to this {@code String} object as determined by
* the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is
* returned. Otherwise, this {@code String} object is added to the
* pool and a reference to this {@code String} object is returned.
* <p>
* It follows that for any two strings {@code s} and {@code t},
* {@code s.intern() == t.intern()} is {@code true}
* if and only if {@code s.equals(t)} is {@code true}.
* <p>
* All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are
* interned. String literals are defined in section 3.10.5 of the
* <cite>The Java™ Language Specification</cite>.
*
* @return a string that has the same contents as this string, but is
* guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
*/
public native String intern();
