大家好！2 月 11 日到 2 月 24 日这两周的“每周一段”段落选自《剑桥雅思官方真题集 9》中第三套题的雅思考官范文。  

上个月我们学习的考官作文题目类型是“Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? ”，这个月我们来看另一个雅思大作文常见经典题型：“Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.”   

学习建议：在开始阅读第 2 部分“段落解读”前，先试着自己花 20-30 分钟阅读作文题目、要求，以及文本部分。想一想你会怎样学习这两段考官范文。然后再阅读“段落解读”。

作文题目/Topic： 

Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required.

作文要求/Task： 

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.  Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

一、文本

A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. One possible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.  

Advocates of this believe that today's sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either the work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centers, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests: those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.

However, there may be better ways of tackling this problem. Interest in sports is not universal, and additional facilities might only attract the already fit, not those who most need them. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done. This has the added benefit that parents and children often use together just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age.  

As well as physical activity, high tax penalties could be imposed on hight-fat food products, tobacco and alcohol, as excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health. Even improving public transport would help: it takes longer to walk to the bus station than to the car.  

In my opinion, focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an approach and would not have the desired results. People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.

二、段落解读

段落选自雅思考官范文的第一段和第二段。 

基本解读：  

这个题目的要求是“Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.” 这是雅思作文中经典的题型之一。  

这个题目的问法基本决定了文章的结构，即“开头段--讨论 A 观点--讨论 B 观点--给出自己的观点--结尾段”。这类文章一般全文共有 4-5 段，很多时候讨论自己观点的那段就是结尾段（比如这篇文章、《剑桥雅思官方真题集 6》中第二套题的雅思考官范文和《剑桥雅思官方真题集 8》中第一套题的雅思考官范文），有时候讨论完自己的观点之后会再写一个结尾段做总结（《剑桥雅思官方真题集 7》中第一套题的雅思考官范文）。  

在有的文章中，讨论 A 或 B 观点时会用两个段落，比如这篇文章：讨论 A 观点用了一段（文章第 2 段），讨论 B 观点用了两段（文章第 3、4 段）。  

这篇文章开头段共两句话，第 1 句介绍了题目背景；第 2 句对观点 A （即增加运动设备的数量可以）作了 paraphrase。  

第二段讨论了 A 观点，共有 3 句话。第 1 句给出了需要更多健身器械的理由：人们习惯久坐，工作压力大，运动量小；第 2 句写如果能有更多的健身器械会有什么好处；第 3 句写不同的运动给人们带来的好处。

进阶解读：  

 1）雅思作文，甚至托福和 GRE 作文最重要的是正文部分的论证，因此无需在开头部分使用过多笔墨。  

雅思考官范文一般开头段 1-2 句话，个别有 3 句话的情况。不管是什么类型的题目，开头都要力求简洁、直接、相关。碰到“Discuss both these views and give your own opinion”这类题目，开头段一般只要用一句话简要介绍主题背景就好，比如这篇开头段的第 1 句话。这篇文章开头段的第 2 句话写得很巧，直接、简要地引出了第一个观点，做了启下。  

2）注意积累积极写作词汇。  

我们可以从中积累健康、运动、生活方式类话题写作必备表达，比如 the declining level of health, encourage a more active lifestyle, a sedentary lifestyle, stressful working conditions, easy-to-reach local sports centers, cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests。 

3）不要小看“mean”/“意味着”这个小词的表达效果。

我们前面讲过，观点的展开就是不断回答 why, how, how so, so what 和 then what 的过程。但有时候我们会发现很多观点一句话就说完了，总会觉得无话可说，不知道怎么进一步展开。这个时候可以试着用“mean”/“意味着”了，比如第二段的第 1 句：  

Advocates of this believe that today's sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions meanthat physical activity is no longer part of either the work or our leisure time.   

我们会说现在人们习惯久坐，工作压力大，然后呢？很多人可能会写不下去。这个时候“mean”/“意味着”这个引领词可以帮助我们回答 so what 和 then what，打开思路。如果我们经常阅读《经济学人》，会发现它会大量使用“mean”这个词。它可以帮作者打开思路，把一个问题讨论、分析彻底，也可以让读者感觉到作者的耐心和同理心。  

4）可以通过进行合理假设和推论，拓展写作的思路。

这一点在上个月（“if specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions”和“if primary language teaching is not standardized”）已经提到过，在这篇文章中也有体现：  If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening.  不同的是，这句话中使用了虚拟语气（If there were X, we would...）。可以通过临摹来掌握，在进行假设和推论时使用。  

5）通过表示对比和对照的表达让写作更丰富、更有说服力。还是第二段的第 2 句话：  

If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening.  

写作基础一般的同学可能会这么写：  

If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives.  

“rather than...”这部分虽然确实不是最重要的信息，但这样的补充能让论证显得更丰富、更立体。很多同学背诵过 rather than, instead of, whereas, while, by contrast, in contrast 这样表示对比和对照的表达，但更重要的是在写作中把这些词恰到好处地用出来。  

6）举例论证可以很简洁，不必使用多个句子。不少学生遇到的一个问题是，喜欢使用举例论证，但是往往会用多个句子来描述例子，显得拖沓，而且有凑字数的嫌疑。以第二段第 3 句话为例：  

The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests: those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.  

有的同学可能会这么写： 

The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests. Some of my classmates in high school did not enjoy PE because football was the only available sport. Those who are keen on swimming, for example, had to endure  long hours of boring football kicking. If a variety of sports were introduced, they would be happier.   

如果“the variety of sports”是一个单独的自然段的话，这么写还好。但如果它只是 A 观点中的一个分支观点，那么这么写占用的篇幅就未免太多了。做举例论证时最好可以用紧凑的语言，写清楚例子，指出例子和观点的相关性即可（注意原句中冒号的用法）。

三、句子学习

句子学习 我们主要通过“临摹”和“背诵”的方式精学一段话。  

临摹句子1：A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend.   

提炼出句型：A problem of modern societies is X, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend.（这里的 conflicting 还可以用以下单词替换：competing, opposing, contrasting, differing, divergent。）  

造句示范： 

a) A problem of modern societies is information overload, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend.（信息过载）  

b) A problem of modern societies is long commute hours, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend.（通勤时间过长）  

临摹句子2：Advocates of this believe that today's sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either the work or our leisure time.  

提炼出句型：Advocates of this believe that X.  

造句示范：  

a) Advocates of this believe that individuals should become better educated about how to process and manage data. （信息过载）  

b) Advocates of this believe that cities, especially those in developing countries, should make better informed decisions with regard to urban planning, so that long commute hours can be cut substantially. （通勤时间过长）

四、作业

1）参考第三部分的句型造句，造句时可以用中文写出具体的语境。

2）用不同的句式和表达 paraphrase 下面的句子（可以写多个句子）：  

Advocates of this believe that today's sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either the work or our leisure time.   

3）【可选】阅读《剑桥雅思官方真题集 6》中第二套题的雅思考官范文、《剑桥雅思官方真题集 8》中第一套题的雅思考官范文和《剑桥雅思官方真题集 7》中第一套题的雅思考官范文，试着解读开头段和第二段。