英语听力提高并非仅仅“听力”提高，它代表着英语发音、词汇、词组、习语、文化思维等综合能力的全面提高。
初级者练听力时，应尽力避免“先去思考所听句子的汉语意思”的潜意识行为；相反，要沉浸于所听句子的句型与发音。
第一遍听力时，集中注意原文的句型即句子结构，再带入具体事物（实义词）的发音（暂不管整个句子的翻译），下意识锻炼“听出连读、略读等音变”的能力。
记住了，语言的学习就是听说读写！听到了，然后学说话，然后才是慢慢认字、读和写。
废话少说！下面就从语言学理论里的小trick入手，直击快速提高英语口语、听力的tips吧~
Tip 1
语音学(Phonetics)切入
为什么说中文和说英文声音不一样？
因为中文和英文的发音方式 (manner of articulation) 是不同的。中文的发音方式叫 Frontoral pronunciation（前口腔发音-发声位置高，轻快明亮）；
而英文的发音方叫 Posterior oral pronunciation（后口腔发音-发声位置低，磁性厚实）这也是为什么外国人说话时会"张大口"和"震摇下巴"。
So, they are totally different!
所以如果你想让你的发音（不仅仅是口语，乃至整个声线的改善）更“native”一点的话，你可以去模仿外国人说话（还有助于唱歌），多练习气泡音（Vocal Fry）
*A chart of English consonants
辅音发音方式及部位
*Tongue positions of the cardinal vowels
*元音的划分标准:
The criteria of vowel description
① 舌头抬起的高度(前央后)
the part of the tongue that is raised--front, center or back
② 舌头最高部分的位置(高中低)
the height of the tongue--high, middle, low
③ 嘴的开合度(合、半合、半开、开)
the opening of the mouth--close, semi-close, semi-open, open
④ 唇的圆展度(圆唇、非圆唇)
the shape of the lips--rounded,unrounded
⑤ 发音的长度(紧、松)
the length of the sound--tense, lax
*研究词的发音规律很重要！在听力练习中，即便听到‘陌生’词汇，也可以通过模仿着发音拼出整个单词哦~
Tip 2
音系学(Phonology)切入
*Assimilation rule 同化规则
The rule that assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar is called assimilation rule.
指能使一个音带上它相邻音的部分或所有特征，因而使得这两个音变得相似的音系规则。
Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown by the following:
同化可以越过音节和词的界限发生,如下所示：
you can [n] → [ŋ] keep them
five past [faɪvpa:st] → [ faɪfpa:st]
has to [hæztə] → [hæstə]
edge to edge [edʒtəedʒ] → [etʃtəedʒ]
as prescribed [æzprɪ'skraɪbd] → [æsprɪ'skraɪbt]
lose heart[luːzhɑːt] → [luːshɑːt]
(这里p和h的发音分别为/p/和/h/，都属于 voiceless consonant 清辅音，所以连读时其前/z/的发音应变成相应的清辅音/s/)
精短例句：
The trick is how dowe do that, responsibly, sustainably and in ways that make fish farmers’ money. [kɪz]
Many of the foods that can contain trans fats are American favorites, they are sort of as comfort food,a lot of people eat a great deal of these foods. [sɔː tɒ fæs]
Large companies compete in an expanding gaming market. [ɪ næ neks]
所以，在练习听力时，一定要掌握好音变规律才能快速反应并听出准确的英文句子哦~
当然，口语训练中音变更是重中之重，
I miss you [ʃ]
Could you go with me? [dʒ]
如音系学派下的Deletion rule省略规则
Meat ball → [miːbɔːl]
A good guy → [ɡʊɡaɪ]
(两个Stops爆破音在一起，第一个爆破要失去~)
Tip 3
语义学(Semantics)切入
日常听力中最大的拦路虎当属那些同音异义词(Homonymy-the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound orspelling, or in both)，或者一些发音很相似的词语，这个时候除了普通的词汇积累，更需要锻炼的是对某一特定语境(context)下出现的高频词的联想力，无论是提升英语口语、听力，对语境敏感性的训练都必不可少。
那么，听力中需要留意积累的Homonymy有哪些？
Complete homonyms (完全同音同形异义词):
Eg.
Ball [bɔːl] n. 球；舞会
Match [mætʃ] n. 火柴；比赛；相配的人（或物）；
Homophones (同音异义词)：
Eg.
[dɪə(r)] dear; deer
[sʌn] son; sun
Homographs (同形异义词):
Eg.
Lead [li:d] v. 领导；致使；[led] n. 铅
Tear [ˈtɛː] n. 眼泪 [ˈtɪə] v. 撕掉，扯下
还有一些读音相似的单词，如general [ˈdʒenrəl] vs. journal [ˈdʒɜːnl] 等都是需要留意，小心入坑哒！
英语口语、听力所需词汇量并不多，难度亦不大；但越是简单越不可忽略！
至于语境敏感性的培养，在日常听力与口语练习中，初级者应下意识对某些词组进行语义场(Semantic field)分类。
What is semantic field?
“词可以在一个共同概念的支配下结合在一起形成一个语义场”，也就是类概念(the genus)与种概念(the species)之间的关系。
Eg.
<rank system>: captain (大尉); lieutenant(中尉); commander(中校); mate (大副)
<pleasurable emotion>: joy, happiness, gaiety, enjoyment
<instrument>: flute, clarinet, trumpet
“Flute”, “clarinet” and “trumpet” bring out their semantic field and “instrument” is the superordinate 上义词(the general item/the upper term) of these lower terms.
或者通俗来举例，当你发现一篇听力文章的倾向或某个口语环境探讨的话题可能与“国际消费电子展(International Consumer Electronics Show)”有关，那么你所需要培养的语境敏感性就是要根据这种倾向与环境‘应激式’联想出一系列相关词语如，technology products, manufacturer, display, automobile, electronics, smart watch…
也就是做到胸有成词。
所以说，积累听力词汇并不是靠单纯的背与记，要能实现该词汇相应的associative meaning(关联意义)与thematic meaning(主题意义).
"Thematic meaning refers to what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis."
Tip 4
语用学(Pragmatics)切入
听力口语中非积累不可为的莫过于习语(idiom)和固定搭配(collocation)啦
Idiom is a set phrase with semantic unity and structuralstability, such as:
Do sb. Brown 使某人上当
In the same boat 处境相同
Cold comfort 简直不起作用的安慰
而对固定搭配的记忆实际上是为了通过了解mutual expectancy ofwords (词语的共现）实现预判，减轻听力难度，与培养语境敏感性异曲同工。
精短例句：
So unless we actually sit and put in place 落实到位 strategies to achieve what we need to achieve in 50 years, it will be 2063 and we will be still talking about the same thing.
Cookies, cakes, pies and pastries, a lot of those prepared foods have the trans fats to increase the shelf life 保质期.
初级者不用特意寻找单词书背诵，听力词汇只需在日常听力训练中对没能听出的词汇进行分析分类记忆。
Tip 5
语调(Intonation)切入
语调原为音系学一部分，这里单独拎出来讲是因为它看似毫不起眼，一旦‘会用’起来效果有如天助~
切勿小瞧它在口语听力中的作用哦~
何以为调？
When pitch tress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:
当音调、重音和音长被融合在句子里而不是在单个词语里时，它们的集合就被称为语调。英语中一般有三种常用语调：
Falling tone (matter-of-fact statement);
降调(陈述事实)
Rising tone (doubts or question);
升调(怀疑或提问)
The fall-rise tone (implied message).
先降后升(暗示)
根据语调，我们可以对一个不需要形态断句的句子进行恰当的语音‘断句’，使你的发音听来更专业哦~
那么，到底如何实现完美的发音‘停顿’呢？
请关注下期实践拔高篇《一心二用，英语口语、听力双提升》
