Flutter中有两个常用的状态Widget分为StatefulWidget和StatelessWidget，分别为动态视图和静态视图，视图的更新需要调用StatefulWidget的setState方法，这会遍历调用子Widget的build方法。如果一个页面内容比较复杂时，会包含多个widget，如果直接调用setState，会遍历所有子Widget的build，这样会造成很多不必要的开销，所以非常有必要了解Flutter中局部刷新的方式：

通过GlobalKey局部刷新

globalkey唯一定义了某个element，它使你能够访问与element相关联的其他对象，例如buildContext、state等。应用场景：跨widget访问状态。
例如：可以通过key.currentState拿到它的状态对象，然后就可以调用其中的onPressed方法。

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  GlobalKey<_TextWidgetState> textKey = GlobalKey();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            TextWidget(textKey),// 需要更新的Text
          ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: (){
          _counter ++;// 这里我们只给他值变动，状态刷新交给下面的key事件
          textKey.currentState.onPressed(_counter);//这个counter的值已经改变了，但是没有重绘所以我们看到的知识我们定义的初始值
        },
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: Icon(Icons.add),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

class TextWidget extends StatefulWidget {
  final Key key;
  const TextWidget(this.key);
  @override
  _TextWidgetState createState() => _TextWidgetState();
}

class _TextWidgetState extends State<TextWidget> {
  String _text = "0";
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Center(child: Text(_text, style: TextStyle(fontSize: 20),),);
  }

  void onPressed(int count) {
    setState(() {
      _text = count.toString();
    });
  }
}

ValueNotifier和ValueListenableBuilder

Flutter框架内部提供了一个非常小巧精致的组件，专门用于局部组件的刷新。适用于值改动的刷新。

class ValueNotifierTestPage extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _ValueNotifierTestPageState createState() => _ValueNotifierTestPageState();
}

class _ValueNotifierTestPageState extends State<ValueNotifierTestPage> {

  // 定义ValueNotifier<int> 对象 _counter
  final ValueNotifier<int> _counter = ValueNotifier<int>(0);

  void _incrementCounter(){
    _counter.value += 1;
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Center(
      child:  Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('ValueNotifierTestPage'),
        ),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [
              WidgetA(),
              Text( 'You have pushed the button this many times:'),
              ValueListenableBuilder<int>(
                builder: _buildWithValue,
                valueListenable: _counter,
              )
            ],
          ),
        ),
        floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
          onPressed: _incrementCounter,
          child: Icon(Icons.add),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildWithValue(BuildContext context, int value, Widget child) {
    return Text(
      '$value',
      style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline4,
    );
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _counter.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class WidgetA extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Text('I am a widget that will not be rebuilt.');
  }
}

实现原理：在 initState 中对传入的可监听对象进行监听，执行 _valueChanged 方法，_valueChanged 中进行了 setState 来触发当前状态的刷新。触发 build 方法，从而触发 widget.builder 回调，这样就实现了局部刷新。可以看到这里回调的 child 是组件传入的 child，所以直接使用，这就是对 child 的优化的根源。

可以看到 ValueListenableBuilder 实现局部刷新的本质，也是进行组件的抽离，让组件状态的改变框定在状态内部，并通过 builder 回调控制局部刷新，暴露给用户使用。

StatefulBuilder局部刷新

通过这个可以创建一个支持局部刷新的widget树，比如你可以在StatelessWidget里面刷新某个布局，但是不需要改变成StatefulWidget；也可以在StatefulWidget中使用做部分刷新而不需要刷新整个页面，这个刷新是不会调用Widget build（BuildContext context）刷新整个布局树的。

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  StateSetter _reloadTextSetter;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            StatefulBuilder(builder: (BuildContext context, StateSetter stateSetter){
              _reloadTextSetter = stateSetter;
              return Text(_counter.toString());
            })// 需要更新的Text
          ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: (){
          _counter ++;
          _reloadTextSetter((){
          });
        },
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: Icon(Icons.add),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

FutureBuilder & StreamBuilder

异步UI更新：
很多时候我们会依赖一些异步数据来动态更新UI，比如在打开一个页面时我们需要先从互联网上获取数据，在获取数据的过程中显示一个加载框，等获取到数据时我们再渲染页面；又比如我们想展示Stream（比如文件流、互联网数据接收流）的进度。当然StatefulWidget我们完全可以实现以上功能。但由于在实际开发中依赖异步数据更新UI的这种场景非常常见，并且当StatefulWidget中控件树较大时，更新一个属性导致整个树重建，消耗性能，因此Flutter专门提供了FutureBuilder和SteamBuilder两个组件来快速实现这种功能。

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {

  Future<String> mockNetworkData() async {
    return Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2), () => "我是从互联网上获取的数据");
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            FutureBuilder(
              future: mockNetworkData(),
                builder: (BuildContext context, AsyncSnapshot snapshot){
              if(snapshot.connectionState == ConnectionState.done){
                if(snapshot.hasError){
                  // 请求失败，显示错误
                  return Text("Error: ${snapshot.error}");
                }else {
                  // 请求成功，显示数据
                  return Text("Contents: ${snapshot.data}");
                }
              }else {
                return CircularProgressIndicator();
              }
            }),
          ],
        ),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {

  Stream<int> counter(){
    return Stream.periodic(Duration(seconds: 1), (i){
      return i;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            StreamBuilder(
                stream: counter(),
                builder: (BuildContext context, AsyncSnapshot<int> snapshot){
                  if(snapshot.hasError){
                    return Text("Error: ${snapshot.error}");
                  }

                  switch (snapshot.connectionState){
                    case ConnectionState.none:
                      return Text("没有Stream");
                    case ConnectionState.waiting:
                      return Text("等待数据、、、");
                    case ConnectionState.active:
                      return Text("active: ${snapshot.data}");
                    case ConnectionState.done:
                      return Text("Stream已关闭");
                  }
                  return null;
                }),
          ],
        ),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

InheritedWidget

通常情况下，子Widget无法单独感知父Widget的变化，当父state变化时，通过其build重建所有子widget；
InheriteddWidget可以避免这种全局创建，实现局部子Widget更新。InheritedWidget提供了一种在Widget树中从上到下传递、共享数据的方式。Flutter SDK正是通过InheritedWidget来共享应用主题和Locale等信息。
InheritedWidgetData

class InheritedWidgetData<T> extends InheritedWidget {
  InheritedWidgetData({
    Key key,
    @required Widget child,
    @required this.data,
  }) : super(key: key, child: child);

  final T data;
  @override
  bool updateShouldNotify(InheritedWidgetData<T> oldWidget) {
    return true;
  }
}

TestData

class TestData extends StatefulWidget {
  TestData({
    Key key,
    this.child,
  }) : super(key: key);

  final Widget child;

  @override
  _TestDataState createState() => _TestDataState();


  static _TestDataState of(BuildContext context, {bool rebuild = true}) {
    if (rebuild) {
      return context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<InheritedWidgetData<_TestDataState>>().data;
    }
    return context.findAncestorWidgetOfExactType<InheritedWidgetData<_TestDataState>>().data;
  }


}

class _TestDataState extends State<TestData> {
  int counter = 0;

  void _incrementCounter() {
    setState(() {
      counter++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return InheritedWidgetData(
      data: this,
      child: widget.child,
    );
  }
}

InheritedTest1Page

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class InheritedTest1Page extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _InheritedTest1PageState createState() => _InheritedTest1PageState();
}

class _InheritedTest1PageState extends State<InheritedTest1Page> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Center(
      child:  Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('InheritedWidgetTest'),
        ),
        body: TestData(
          child: Column(
            children: <Widget>[
              Padding(
                padding: const EdgeInsets.only(left: 10.0, top: 10.0, right: 10.0),
                child: Text('我们常使用的\nTheme.of(context).textTheme\nMediaQuery.of(context).size等\n就是通过InheritedWidget实现的',
                  style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.title,),
              ),
              WidgetA(),
              WidgetB(),
              WidgetC(),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class WidgetA extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  final _TestDataState state = TestData.of(context);

    return Center(
      child: Text(
        '${state.counter}',
        style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
      ),
    );
  }
}

class WidgetB extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Text('I am a widget that will not be rebuilt.');
  }
}

class WidgetC extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  final _TestDataState state = TestData.of(context, rebuild: false);
    return RaisedButton(
      onPressed: () {
        state._incrementCounter();
      },
      child: Icon(Icons.add),
    );
  }
}

ChangeNotifierProvider（Provider）

provider是Google I/O 2019大会上宣布的现在官方推荐的管理方式，而ChangeNotifierProvider可以说是Provider的一种：
yaml文件需要引入provider: ^3.1.0
顶层嵌套ChangeNotifierProvider

void main(){
  runApp(ChangeNotifierProvider(builder: (context) => DataInfo(), child: MyApp(),));
}

创建共享数据类DataInfo：
数据类需要with ChangeNotifier 以使用 notifyListeners()函数通知监听者更新界面。

class DataInfo with ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;

  get count => _count;

  addCount(){
    _count ++;
    notifyListeners();
  }

  subCount(){
    _count --;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

使用Provider.of(context)获取DataInfo

@override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    var dataInfo = Provider.of<DataInfo>(context);
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        child: Column(

          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            FloatingActionButton(
              heroTag: "add",
              child: Icon(Icons.add),
                onPressed: (){
                dataInfo.addCount();
                }
                ),
            Text(
              '${dataInfo.count}',
            ),
            FloatingActionButton(
              heroTag: "sub",
              child: Icon(Icons.add),
                onPressed: (){
                dataInfo.subCount();
                })
          ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: (){
          Navigator.of(context).push(CupertinoPageRoute(builder: (con){
            return NextPage();
          }));

        },
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: Icon(Icons.add),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }

nextPage：
使用Consumer包住需要使用共享数据的Widget

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Consumer<DataInfo>(
    builder: (context, dataInfo, _){
      return Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text("next"),
        ),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(

            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: <Widget>[
              FloatingActionButton(
                  heroTag: "add",
                  child: Icon(Icons.add),
                  onPressed: (){
                dataInfo.addCount();
                  }
              ),
              Text(
            '${dataInfo.count}',
              ),
              FloatingActionButton(
                  heroTag: "sub",
                  child: Icon(Icons.add),
                  onPressed: (){
                dataInfo.subCount();
                  })
            ],
          ),
        ),
        floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
          onPressed: (){
            Navigator.of(context).pop();
          },
          tooltip: 'Increment',
          child: Icon(Icons.settings_input_composite),
        ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
      );
    },
  );
}

RepaintBoundary

RepaintBoundary就是重绘边界，用于重绘时独立于父视图。页面需要更新的页面结构可以用 RepaintBoundary组件嵌套,flutter 会将包含的组件独立出一层"画布"，去绘制。官方很多组件 外层也包了层 RepaintBoundary 标签。如果你的自定义view比较复杂，应该尽可能的避免重绘。

void markNeedsPaint() {
    if (_needsPaint)
      return;
    _needsPaint = true;
    if (isRepaintBoundary) { // 为true时，直接合成视图，避免重绘
      if (owner != null) {
        owner._nodesNeedingPaint.add(this);
        owner.requestVisualUpdate();
      }
    } else if (parent is RenderObject) {
      final RenderObject parent = this.parent;
      parent.markNeedsPaint();
      assert(parent == this.parent);
    } else {
      if (owner != null)
        owner.requestVisualUpdate();
    }
  }

class RepainBoundaryPage extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _RepainBoundaryPageState createState() => _RepainBoundaryPageState();
}

class _RepainBoundaryPageState extends State<RepainBoundaryPage> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Center(
      child:  Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('RepainBoundaryPage'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            WidgetA(),
            WidgetB(),
            WidgetC(),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class WidgetC extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _WidgetCState createState() => _WidgetCState();
}

class _WidgetCState extends State<WidgetC> {
  int counter = 0;
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return RepaintBoundary(child: Column(
      children: [
        Text('~~~${counter}'),
        RaisedButton(
          onPressed: () {
            setState(() {
              counter++;
            });
          },
          child: Icon(Icons.add),
        )
      ],
    ),);
  }
}

以上总结了几种Flutter的局部刷新的方式，可根据实际需要使用不同的方式，最适合的才是最好的。