** VOCABULARY**

• utility
  1）n. 公共事业
  a utility us an important service such as water, electricity,or gas that is provided for everyone, and that everyone pays for.
  》》public utilities such as gas,electricity and phones.
  2)n. 功用，效用，实用
  the utility of sth. is its usefulness.
  》》Belief in the utility of higher education is shared by students nationwide.*
  全国的学生都相信高等教育是有用的。

• turbine
  n. 涡轮机，透平机
  A turbine is a machine or engine which uses a stream of air, gas, water,or steam to turn a wheel and produce power.

• biogas
  n.生物气（尤指沼气）
  bio- 是一个和生物有关的前缀。

• anathema
  n.十分讨厌的人或事。
  if something is anathema to you, you strongly dislike it.
  》》Violence was anathema to them.

• revenue
  n.财政收入，税收，（公司或组织的）收入，收益
  Revenue is money that a company,organization,or government receives from people.
  -》》One study said the government would gain about $12billion in tax revenues over five years

• incumbent
  1)n. 现任官员，在职官员
  an incumbent is someone who holds an official post at a particular time.
  -》》In general, incumbents have a 94 per cent chance of being reelected.
  2)adj. 成为责任的，义不容辞的，必须履行的
  If it is incumbent upon you to do something, it is your duty or responsbility to do it.
  -》》It is incumbent upon all of us to make an extra effort.

• decarbonise n.去碳
  de-carbon-ise de-是前缀，有减少的意思，carbon是碳，-ise是名词后缀，由此构成了这个词
  -》》He is concerned only that proposals to decarbonise th economy should add up.
  她关心的是有关降碳经济的提议应当被慎重考虑
  ps add up 慎重考虑 第一次见这个用法。

• perennial
  adj. （尤指问题或困难）永恒的，持续的，亘古不变的
  you use perennial to describe situations or states that keep occurring or which seem to exist all the time; used eapecially to describe problems or difficulties.
  -》》There is perennial shortage of teachers with science qualifications.

• EU's emissions-trading scheme 欧盟碳排放交易机制
  the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the first and largest cap-and-trade system of allowances for emitting greenhouse gases in the world.
  欧洲碳排放交易体系（EU－ETS）是世界上最大的碳排放交易市场，通过对各企业强制规定碳排放量，为全球减少碳排放量做出巨大贡献。

• glut
  n.供过于求，供应过剩
  if there is a glut of something, there is so much of it that cannot all be sold or used.
  -》》*There's a glut of agricutrual products in Western Europe.

• shift

1. v. （使）移动，挪动，转移
   if you shitf sth. or if it shifts, it moves slightly.
   -》》He stopped, shifting his cane to his left hand.
   2)v.（意见，情况，政策）有所变动，稍作改变，使发生些许变化
   if someone's opinion,a situation. or a policy shifts or shifted, it changes slightly.
   -》》Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.
   3)v. 推卸，推诿，转嫁（责任）
   if someone shifts the responsibility or blame for sth. onto you, they unfairly make you responsible or make people blame you for it,instead of them.
   -》》It was a vain attempt to shift the responsibility for the murder to somebody else...
   4)v.销售，出手（滞销产品）
   if a shop or company shifts goods, they sell goods that are difficult to sell.
   -》》Some supplies were selling at a loss to shift stock.一些供应商赔本销售存货

• slump
  1）v.急剧下降，暴跌
  if sth. such as the value of something slumps, it falls suddenly and by a large amount.
  -》》Government pipularity in scotland has slumped tp its lowest level since the 1970s.
  government popularity 政府支持率
  2）n.不景气，萧条，衰退
  a slump is a time when many people in a country are unemployed anf poor.
  -》》the slump of the early 1980s.

• havoc
  n. 大破坏，大毁坏，大混乱
  havoc is great disorder, and confusion.
  -》》Rioters caused havoc in the centrw of the town. 暴乱分子在市中心制造了极大的混乱

• asset
  1）n.有用的人或物；财富
  something or someone that is an asset is considered useful or helps a person or organization to be successful.
  -》》Her leadership qualities were the greatest asset of the Conservative Party.
  2)assets 复数形式表示 资产，财产
  the assets of a company or a person are all the thing taht they have.
  -》》By the end of 1989 the group had assets of 3.5 billion francs

• wirte off 流利地写下，损失掉，毁掉，结束掉
  -》》Today was really a bit of a wirte-off for me. 今天对我来说真的有点白白浪费了。

• at first blush 乍一看，猛一看
  -》》It seemed a good idea at first blush.

• intermittent
  adj.间歇地，断断续续的，间歇性
  something that is intermittent happens occasionally rather than constantly.
  -》》After three hours of intermittent rain, the game was abnandoned.
  -》》The talks went on intermittently for three years.

• constraint
  n. 限制，束缚，约束
  a constraint is something that limits or controls what you can do.
  -》》Their decision to abandon the trip was made because of financial constrains

• But long-run solutions do not solve short-term contrains. 这句话我理解为但是远水救不了近火。 值得记忆。

• marginal

1. adj. 微小的，不重要的
   if you describe something as marginal, you mean that it is small or not important.
   》》This is a marginal improvement on October.
   2)adj.非主流的，边缘的
   if you describe people as marginal, you mean that they are not invovlved in thw main events or developments in society because they are poor or have no power.
   》》The tribunals were established for the well-integrated members of society and not for marginal individual.特别法庭是为主流社会而非个体设立的。