组件的更新patch

前面已经分析了组件创建时的首次渲染过程。那么写下来我们来分析当组件的数据发生变化，更新组件时，如何将虚拟DOM的变化反映到真实的DOM结构上。

组件的更新逻辑在core/vdom/patch.js中的createPatchFunction函数返回的patch函数中:

export function createPatchFunction (backend) {
  // ...
   return function patch (oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
    if (isUndef(vnode)) {
      if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
      return
    }

    let isInitialPatch = false
    const insertedVnodeQueue = []

    if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
      // empty mount (likely as component), create new root element
      isInitialPatch = true
      createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
    } else {
      const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
      if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
        // patch existing root node
        patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
      } else {
        if (isRealElement) {
          // mounting to a real element
          // check if this is server-rendered content and if we can perform
          // a successful hydration.
          if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
            oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
            hydrating = true
          }
          if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
            if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
              invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
              return oldVnode
            } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
              warn(
                'The client-side rendered virtual DOM tree is not matching ' +
                'server-rendered content. This is likely caused by incorrect ' +
                'HTML markup, for example nesting block-level elements inside ' +
                '<p>, or missing <tbody>. Bailing hydration and performing ' +
                'full client-side render.'
              )
            }
          }
          // either not server-rendered, or hydration failed.
          // create an empty node and replace it
          oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
        }

        // replacing existing element
        const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
        const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm)

        // create new node
        createElm(
          vnode,
          insertedVnodeQueue,
          // extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
          // leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
          // keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
          oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
          nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
        )

        // update parent placeholder node element, recursively
        if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
          let ancestor = vnode.parent
          const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
          while (ancestor) {
            for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
              cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
            }
            ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
            if (patchable) {
              for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
                cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
              }
              // #6513
              // invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
              // e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
              const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
              if (insert.merged) {
                // start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
                for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
                  insert.fns[i]()
                }
              }
            } else {
              registerRef(ancestor)
            }
            ancestor = ancestor.parent
          }
        }

        // destroy old node
        if (isDef(parentElm)) {
          removeVnodes(parentElm, [oldVnode], 0, 0)
        } else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
          invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
        }
      }
    }

    invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, isInitialPatch)
    return vnode.elm
  }
}

通过oldVnode是否有定义来判断是否是初次渲染。如果oldVnode是有定义的，就执行else分支里的逻辑。

接下来首先会通过sameVnode来判断是否是相同的VNode：

function sameVnode (a, b) {
  return (
    a.key === b.key && (
      (
        a.tag === b.tag &&
        a.isComment === b.isComment &&
        isDef(a.data) === isDef(b.data) &&
        sameInputType(a, b)
      ) || (
        isTrue(a.isAsyncPlaceholder) &&
        a.asyncFactory === b.asyncFactory &&
        isUndef(b.asyncFactory.error)
      )
    )
  )
}

sameVnode判断是否是相同的VNode的逻辑很简单：如果key不相同，则为不同的VNode；如果key相同，则对于同步组件，判断tag,isComment,data,input类型是否相同，对于异步组件，则判断asyncFactory是否相同。

根据oldVnode和vnode是否相同，会执行不同的更新逻辑

新旧结点不同

如果新旧结点不同，就会执行else分支的逻辑。思路上大致就是替换原有的结点，分为如下几步：

1. 创建新节点

// create new node
createElm(
  vnode,
  insertedVnodeQueue,
  // extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
  // leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
  // keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
  oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
  nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
)

新的DOM结点将会被插入到旧的DOM结点之后的位置

2. 递归地更新父级的placeholder vnode

// update parent placeholder node element, recursively
if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
  let ancestor = vnode.parent
  const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
  while (ancestor) {
    for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
      cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
    }
    ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
    if (patchable) {
      for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
        cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
      }
      // #6513
      // invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
      // e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
      const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
      if (insert.merged) {
        // start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
        for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
          insert.fns[i]()
        }
      }
    } else {
      registerRef(ancestor)
    }
    ancestor = ancestor.parent
  }
}

逻辑大致是调用父vnode的各个模块的destroy钩子，将父vnode的elm属性设为新的DOM节点，如果新的vnode是patchable的，就调用它的create钩子。

3. 删除旧节点

// destroy old node
if (isDef(parentElm)) {
  removeVnodes(parentElm, [oldVnode], 0, 0)
} else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
  invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
}

删除旧的节点之后会调用invokeDestroyHook，递归地执行oldVnode的destory钩子

新旧结点相同

新旧结点相同的情况下逻辑更复杂一些。会调用patchVnode函数：

// patch existing root node
patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)

patchVnode函数的定义如下：

  function patchVnode (oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
    if (oldVnode === vnode) {
      return
    }

    const elm = vnode.elm = oldVnode.elm

    if (isTrue(oldVnode.isAsyncPlaceholder)) {
      if (isDef(vnode.asyncFactory.resolved)) {
        hydrate(oldVnode.elm, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else {
        vnode.isAsyncPlaceholder = true
      }
      return
    }

    // reuse element for static trees.
    // note we only do this if the vnode is cloned -
    // if the new node is not cloned it means the render functions have been
    // reset by the hot-reload-api and we need to do a proper re-render.
    if (isTrue(vnode.isStatic) &&
      isTrue(oldVnode.isStatic) &&
      vnode.key === oldVnode.key &&
      (isTrue(vnode.isCloned) || isTrue(vnode.isOnce))
    ) {
      vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
      return
    }

    let i
    const data = vnode.data
    if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) {
      i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }

    const oldCh = oldVnode.children
    const ch = vnode.children
    if (isDef(data) && isPatchable(vnode)) {
      for (i = 0; i < cbs.update.length; ++i) cbs.update[i](oldVnode, vnode)
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.update)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
    if (isUndef(vnode.text)) {
      if (isDef(oldCh) && isDef(ch)) {
        if (oldCh !== ch) updateChildren(elm, oldCh, ch, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
      } else if (isDef(ch)) {
        if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
        addVnodes(elm, null, ch, 0, ch.length - 1, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else if (isDef(oldCh)) {
        removeVnodes(elm, oldCh, 0, oldCh.length - 1)
      } else if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) {
        nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
      }
    } else if (oldVnode.text !== vnode.text) {
      nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, vnode.text)
    }
    if (isDef(data)) {
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.postpatch)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
  }

1. 执行prepatch钩子。

2. patchVnode根据新旧节点的变化情况，用不同的逻辑去更新DOM。分了以下几种情况：

• 新节点不是文本节点
  • 新旧结点都有子节点：调用updateChildren来更新子节点
  • 只有新节点有子节点：如果旧节点是文本节点，则清除旧DOM节点的文本；调用addVnodes为旧DOM节点添加子节点
  • 只有旧节点有子节点：移除旧DOM节点的所有子节点
  • 旧节点是文本节点： 清除旧节点的文本内容
• 新节点是文本节点：如果新旧结点的文本内容不同，替换文本内容

3. 执行postpatch钩子

updateChildren

updateChildren的逻辑是比较复杂的，代码如下：

  function updateChildren (parentElm, oldCh, newCh, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
    let oldStartIdx = 0
    let newStartIdx = 0
    let oldEndIdx = oldCh.length - 1
    let oldStartVnode = oldCh[0]
    let oldEndVnode = oldCh[oldEndIdx]
    let newEndIdx = newCh.length - 1
    let newStartVnode = newCh[0]
    let newEndVnode = newCh[newEndIdx]
    let oldKeyToIdx, idxInOld, vnodeToMove, refElm

    // removeOnly is a special flag used only by <transition-group>
    // to ensure removed elements stay in correct relative positions
    // during leaving transitions
    const canMove = !removeOnly

    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      checkDuplicateKeys(newCh)
    }

    while (oldStartIdx <= oldEndIdx && newStartIdx <= newEndIdx) {
      if (isUndef(oldStartVnode)) {
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx] // Vnode has been moved left
      } else if (isUndef(oldEndVnode)) {
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode)) {
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode)) {
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode)) { // Vnode moved right
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, nodeOps.nextSibling(oldEndVnode.elm))
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode)) { // Vnode moved left
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldEndVnode.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      } else {
        if (isUndef(oldKeyToIdx)) oldKeyToIdx = createKeyToOldIdx(oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        idxInOld = isDef(newStartVnode.key)
          ? oldKeyToIdx[newStartVnode.key]
          : findIdxInOld(newStartVnode, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        if (isUndef(idxInOld)) { // New element
          createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
        } else {
          vnodeToMove = oldCh[idxInOld]
          if (sameVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode)) {
            patchVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
            oldCh[idxInOld] = undefined
            canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, vnodeToMove.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
          } else {
            // same key but different element. treat as new element
            createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
          }
        }
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      }
    }
    if (oldStartIdx > oldEndIdx) {
      refElm = isUndef(newCh[newEndIdx + 1]) ? null : newCh[newEndIdx + 1].elm
      addVnodes(parentElm, refElm, newCh, newStartIdx, newEndIdx, insertedVnodeQueue)
    } else if (newStartIdx > newEndIdx) {
      removeVnodes(parentElm, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
    }
  }

Vue为了减少创建和删除DOM节点的开销，会尽可能地复用DOM节点。updateChildren很重要的逻辑就是如何找到相同的节点，使得节点顺序改变时仍可以高效地复用节点。

这里维护了四个索引：

• oldStartIdx
• oldEndIdx
• newStartIdx
• newEndIdx

然后开始将旧子节点组和新子节点组进行逐一比对，直到遍历完任一子节点组，比对策略有5种：

• oldStartVnode和newStartVnode进行比对，如果相似，则进行patch，然后新旧头索引都后移
• oldEndVnode和newEndVnode进行比对，如果相似，则进行patch，然后新旧尾索引前移
• oldStartVnode和newEndVnode进行比对，如果相似，则进行patch，将旧节点移位到最后，然后旧头索引后移，尾索引前移
• oldEndVnode和newStartVnode进行比对，处理和上面类似，只不过改为左移
• 如果以上情况都失败了，我们就只能复用key相同的节点了。首先我们要通过createKeyToOldIdx创建key-index的映射，如果新节点在旧节点中不存在，我们将它插入到旧头索引节点前，然后新头索引向后；如果新节点在就旧节点组中存在，先找到对应的旧节点，然后patch，并将旧节点组中对应节点设置为undefined,代表已经遍历过了，不再遍历，否则可能存在重复插入的问题，

最后将节点移位到旧头索引节点之前，新头索引向后遍历完之后，将剩余的新Vnode添加到最后一个新节点的位置后或者删除多余的旧节点

总结

Vue的virtual-dom的实现是基于snabbdom。组件更新的过程核心就是新旧 vnode diff，对新旧节点相同以及不同的情况分别做不同的处理。新旧节点不同的更新流程是创建新节点->更新父占位符节点->删除旧节点；而新旧节点相同的更新流程是去获取它们的 children，根据不同情况做不同的更新逻辑。最复杂的情况是新旧节点相同且它们都存在子节点，那么会执行 updateChildren 逻辑，根据是否是sameVnode或者依据key尽可能地复用DOM节点。