Part 1- Chunking- the essential tools
Video 1- 介绍了本章的学习内容，会学到什么是有效的学习方法，以及什么是低效和无效的学习方法。
Video 2- What is a chunk?
focused thinking mode is necessary for forming a chunk
Video 3&4- how to form a chunk?
1st step-focus attention
2nd step- understanding the problem and techniques that you are chunking
3rd step- practise to gain mastery and the context
视频中归纳了chunk的方法，首先要专注注意力，其次就是要理解所要学习的内容，最后是通过反复的练习和操练来更熟练的掌握所学习的知识和技能。
Video 5- illusions of competence
1-recall 复述和回忆的方式比反复阅读更有效。 rereading 只能作为spaced repetition发挥作用。
2-illusions of competence-看着学习的知识似曾相识，便误以为自己理解了学会了
3- 换个学习的场景来recall这样可以避免subliminal cues
Part 2 -seeing the bigger picture
Video 1- motivate
Part A-Neuromodulators（神经调节剂） are chemicals that influence how a neuron responds to other neurons.
acetylcholine（乙酰胆碱）-在专注的时候起作用，并且能够影响与long term memory相关的神经
dopamine （多巴胺）-
1-在diffuse mode 的时候发挥作用，属于奖赏学习系统的一部分，对于即时奖励和延时奖励均有用。
2- addictive drugs 是通过刺激多巴胺分泌让人上瘾的
3- 多巴胺一般缺乏- 使人丧失兴趣和主动性；多巴胺很缺乏会导致帕金森相关疾病；多巴胺严重缺乏会导致catatonia紧张症
serotonin（血清素）-与人的社交活动相关；缺乏血清素会导致行为过激和冲动
Part B-Emotion 也会影响学习的效果
Video 2- the value of a library of chunks
1- 通过对很多chunk的创新式地组合，可以获得新的想法，巩固已有的知识技能
2- 当掌握的chunk越大越越练，越容易帮助我们解决问题
3-chunk 还可以帮助学习新知识 -transfer
两种解决问题的方法需要同时利用来解决问题。
1-sequential- focused and deliberate step by step
2-holistic tuition- diffused mode
Video 3- Overlearning, Chunking, Einstellung, and Interleaving
Overlearning-可以帮助培养automaticity
deliberate practise- 专注复习和巩固自己觉得难的部分
Einstellung- 也叫mindset，是人对事物和问题既有的认知和看法，可能会阻碍你对事物产生新的看法
interleaving-尝试解决一些不同的问题，从而受到新的启发。可以跨学科，跨问题，从而获得更多的灵感和创新思维的机会。
Video 4-Summary
1-what is chunk？ a set of information or neurons that are closed connected together
2- how to form chunk? focused attention->good understanding->practise
3- illusion of competence and recall- you might have the illusion that you've mastered certain knowledge or skills by just listening or reading it. The best way to check your mastry level is by testing yourself or recall the knowledge you remember.
4- Einstellung is the intial thought that you hold about something and it might prevent you from developing new and creative thoughts on this subject.
4- deliberate practise is when you consciously practise the knowledge that you found hard, which is a more efficient way of learning.
