上一章：运维部署自动化实践（一）利用PXE远程自动化安装Ubuntu16.04 server
接上文
在上文中，尝试利用Kickstart工具实现PXE远程安装的自动化，但是安装过程中出现了一个分区报错需要人工确认，导致自动化过程中断。查阅了一些技术博客和官方文档，发现Kickstart主要用于Redhat系的linux系统安装，而对于Debian系的支持可能不太好。Debian系Linux采用了特有的debian-installer作为系统安装工具，而运维人员可以通过一个preseed.cfg配置文件，写入安装各个阶段需要的参数或指令，这样就可以避免安装过程中的人机交互，实现无人值守的自动化安装。
事实上上一文的过程也利用了preseed配置文件（在上文中ubuntu-server.seed文件），只不过大部分安装指令都写在了kickstart配置里。本文在没有kickstart工具的情况下，完全采用preseed配置实现ubuntu系统安装。
Install Ubuntu with Preseeding
配置dhcp、tftp、http服务
这一步可以直接复制上一章的操作，本文尝试用dnsmasq来代替isc-dhcp-server和tftpd-hpa，提供集成的dhcp和tftp服务
- dnsmasq
安装dnsmasq
sudo apt-get install dnsmasq
编辑/etc/dnsmasq.conf，将以下的配置配置激活（去掉注释）
bogus-priv
filterwin2k
interface=eth0 # 查看本机的网卡名
dhcp-range=192.168.1.50,192.168.1.150,12h
dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0
enable-tftp
tftp-root=/var/ftpd # tftp的目录
dhcp-authoritative
创建tftp目录
sudo mkdir /var/ftpd
启动dnsmasq
sudo service dnsmasq start
- Http
安装apache2， 步骤省略，默认http目录为/var/www/html/
布置PXE文件
- 将ubuntu镜像mount到http目录下
sudo mkdir /var/www/html/ubuntu
sudo mount ~/Downloads/ubuntu-16.04.5-server-amd64.iso /var/www/html/ubuntu - 拷贝启动文件到tftp目录
sudo cp -r /var/www/html/ubuntu/install/netboot/* /var/ftpd/ - 在http根目录下创建preseed配置文件
sudo touch /var/www/html/preseed.cfg - 编辑preseed.cfg文件，内容如下：
# Locale sets language and country.
d-i debian-installer/language string en
d-i debian-installer/country string US
d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US #应该时zh_CN
# Keyboard selection.
d-i console-setup/ask_detect boolean false
d-i console-setup/layoutcode string us
# Network configuration. #注，在netboot模式下，网络设置不起作用，需要在dhcp中设定用户名密码，
d-i netcfg/choose_interface select eth0
d-i netcfg/dhcp_timeout string 60
d-i netcfg/get_hostname string libvert
d-i netcfg/get_domain string libvert
d-i netcfg/no_default_route boolean true
# Clock and time zone setup
d-i clock-setup/utc boolean false
d-i time/zone string Asia/Shanghai
# Mirror settings #安装文件镜像设置，使用http协议
#d-i mirror/protocol string http
#d-i mirror/country manual #这一步要注释掉，否则会需要人工选择镜像所处地区
d-i mirror/http/hostname string 192.168.1.101
d-i mirror/http/directory string /ubuntu # 镜像路径 http://192.168.1.101/ubuntu
d-i mirror/http/proxy string
# Partitioning ###分区设定，这个要注意
d-i partman-auto/disk string/dev/sda
d-i partman-auto/method string regular
d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true
d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true
d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic
# This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation
d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
#add new
d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
d-i partman-auto-lvm/guided_size string max
# Base system installation
d-i base-installer/kernel/image string linux-generic
# Account setup
#d-i passwd/root-login boolean true
#d-i passwd/root-password password 123456
#d-i passwd/root-password-again password 123456
#d-i passwd/make-user boolean false
#d-i user-setup/encrypt-home boolean false
#d-i user-setup/allow-password-weak boolean true #允许weakpassword，
### Account setup
# Skip creation of a root account (normal user account will be able to
# use sudo). The default is false; preseed this to true if you want to set
# a root password.
d-i passwd/root-login boolean false
# Alternatively, to skip creation of a normal user account.
#d-i passwd/make-user boolean false
# Root password, either in clear text
#d-i passwd/root-password password r00tme
#d-i passwd/root-password-again password r00tme
# or encrypted using a crypt(3) hash.
#d-i passwd/root-password-crypted password [crypt(3) hash]
# To create a normal user account.
d-i passwd/user-fullname string DeepctrlUser
d-i passwd/username string deepctrl
# Normal user's password, either in clear text
d-i passwd/user-password password deepctrl
d-i passwd/user-password-again password deepctrl
# or encrypted using a crypt(3) hash.
#d-i passwd/user-password-crypted password [crypt(3) hash]
# Create the first user with the specified UID instead of the default.
#d-i passwd/user-uid string 1010
# The installer will warn about weak passwords. If you are sure you know
# what you're doing and want to override it, uncomment this.
d-i user-setup/allow-password-weak boolean true
# The user account will be added to some standard initial groups. To
# override that, use this.
d-i passwd/user-default-groups string audio cdrom video
# Set to true if you want to encrypt the first user's home directory.
d-i user-setup/encrypt-home boolean false
# Package selection
tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, ubuntu-server
d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server
d-i pkgsel/upgrade select none
d-i pkgsel/language-packs multiselect en, zh
d-i pkgsel/update-policy select none
# Boot loader installation
d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true
# Finishing up the installation
d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note
#d-i live-installer/net-image string http://192.168.1.101/ubuntu/install/filesystem.squashfs
- 修改/var/ftpd/pxelinux.cfg/default
# D-I config version 2.0
# search path for the c32 support libraries (libcom32, libutil etc.)
path ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/
include ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/menu.cfg
default ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/vesamenu.c32
prompt 0
timeout 1
- 修改/var/ftpd/ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/txt.cfg 为以下内容：
default install
label install
menu label ^Install
menu default
kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
append initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz ramdisk_size=100000 auto=true priority=critical interface=auto netcfg/no_default_route=true preseed/url=http://192.168.1.101/preseed.cfg
label cli
menu label ^Command-line install
kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
append tasks=standard pkgsel/language-pack-patterns= pkgsel/install-language-support=false vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz --- quiet
注意该步骤配置文件中没有再指定ks.cfg，后面的安装过程完全通过preseed.cfg控制
目标机启动，完成安装
Dell服务器进入PXE模式，安装过程无需再人工介入。
下一步继续实践在Preseed里添加后处理，执行自动安装软件和配置系统环境。
