一、目的
1、现在我们想在屏幕上显示4个立方体。每个立方体看起来都是一样的，区别在于它们在世界的位置不同。
二、程序运行结果
三、GLSL
修改GLSL程序，对顶点进行旋转、平移、缩放操作。
修改rot1、rot2、rot3的乘的次序，会有不同的效果。
四、源代码
"""
glfw_cube03.py
Author: dalong10
Description: Draw 4 Cube, learning OPENGL
"""
import glutils #Common OpenGL utilities,see glutils.py
import sys, random, math
import OpenGL
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import *
import numpy
import numpy as np
import glfw
strVS = """
#version 330 core
layout(location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 inTexcoord;
out vec2 outTexcoord;
uniform float a;
uniform float b;
uniform float c;
uniform float scale;
uniform float theta;
void main(){
mat4 rot1=mat4(vec4(1.0, 0.0,0.0,0),
vec4(0.0, 1.0,0.0,0),
vec4(0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0),
vec4(a,b,c,1.0));
mat4 rot2=mat4(vec4(scale, 0.0,0.0,0.0),
vec4(0.0, scale,0.0,0.0),
vec4(0.0,0.0,scale,0.0),
vec4(0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0));
mat4 rot3=mat4( vec4(0.5+0.5*cos(theta), 0.5-0.5*cos(theta), -0.707106781*sin(theta), 0),
vec4(0.5-0.5*cos(theta),0.5+0.5*cos(theta), 0.707106781*sin(theta),0),
vec4(0.707106781*sin(theta), -0.707106781*sin(theta),cos(theta), 0.0),
vec4(0.0, 0.0,0.0, 1.0));
gl_Position=rot2 *rot1 *rot3 * vec4(position.x, position.y, position.z, 1.0);
outTexcoord = inTexcoord;
}
"""
strFS = """
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec2 outTexcoord;
uniform sampler2D texture1;
void main(){
FragColor = texture(texture1, outTexcoord);
}
"""
class FirstCube:
def __init__(self, side):
self.side = side
# load shaders
self.program = glutils.loadShaders(strVS, strFS)
glUseProgram(self.program)
# attributes
self.vertIndex = glGetAttribLocation(self.program, b"position")
self.texIndex = glGetAttribLocation(self.program, b"inTexcoord")
s = side/2.0
cube_vertices = [
-s, -s, -s,
s, -s, -s,
s, s, -s,
s, s, -s,
-s, s, -s,
-s, -s, -s,
-s, -s, s,
s, -s, s,
s, s, s,
s, s, s,
-s, s, s,
-s, -s, s,
-s, s, s,
-s, s, -s,
-s, -s, -s,
-s, -s, -s,
-s, -s, s,
-s, s, s,
s, s, s,
s, s, -s,
s, -s, -s,
s, -s, -s,
s, -s, s,
s, s, s,
-s, -s, -s,
s, -s, -s,
s, -s, s,
s, -s, s,
-s, -s, s,
-s, -s, -s,
-s, s, -s,
s, s,-s,
s, s, s,
s, s, s,
-s, s, s,
-s, s,-s
]
# texture coords
t=1.0
quadT = [
0,0, t,0, t,t, t,t, 0,t, 0,0,
0,0, t,0, t,t, t,t, 0,t, 0,0,
t,0, t,t, 0,t, 0,t, 0,0, t,0,
t,0, t,t, 0,t, 0,t, 0,0, t,0,
0,t, t,t, t,0, t,0, 0,0, 0,t,
0,t, t,t, t,0, t,0, 0,0, 0,t
]
# set up vertex array object (VAO)
self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
# set up VBOs
vertexData = numpy.array(cube_vertices, numpy.float32)
self.vertexBuffer = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vertexBuffer)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 4*len(vertexData), vertexData, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
tcData = numpy.array(quadT, numpy.float32)
self.tcBuffer = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.tcBuffer)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 4*len(tcData), tcData,GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# enable arrays
glEnableVertexAttribArray(self.vertIndex)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(self.texIndex)
# Position attribute
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vertexBuffer)
glVertexAttribPointer(self.vertIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0,None)
# TexCoord attribute
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.tcBuffer)
glVertexAttribPointer(self.texIndex, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0,None)
# unbind VAO
glBindVertexArray(0)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
def render(self,texid,a,b,c,scale,r):
self.texid = texid
# enable texture
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, self.texid)
# use shader
glUseProgram(self.program)
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(self.program, "a"), a)
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(self.program, "b"), b)
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(self.program, "c"), c)
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(self.program, "scale"), scale)
theta = r*PI/180.0
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(self.program, "theta"), theta)
# bind VAO
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
# draw
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36)
# unbind VAO
glBindVertexArray(0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
import glfw
import OpenGL.GL as gl
def on_key(window, key, scancode, action, mods):
if key == glfw.KEY_ESCAPE and action == glfw.PRESS:
glfw.set_window_should_close(window,1)
# Initialize the library
if not glfw.init():
sys.exit()
# Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context
window = glfw.create_window(300, 300, "draw Cube ", None, None)
if not window:
glfw.terminate()
sys.exit()
# Make the window's context current
glfw.make_context_current(window)
# Install a key handler
glfw.set_key_callback(window, on_key)
PI = 3.14159265358979323846264
texid = glutils.loadTexture("wall.png")
# Loop until the user closes the window
a=0
firstCube0 = FirstCube(1.0)
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
# Render here
width, height = glfw.get_framebuffer_size(window)
ratio = width / float(height)
gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
gl.glClear(gl.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
gl.glClearColor(0.0,0.0,4.0,0.0)
i=a
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texid)
firstCube0.render(texid,0.0,1,0,0.4,i)
firstCube0.render(texid,1.0,0,0.4,0.5,i)
firstCube0.render(texid,0.0,-1,-0.5,0.3,i)
firstCube0.render(texid,-1.0,0,0.2,0.2,i)
a=a+1
if a>360:
a=0
# Swap front and back buffers
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
# Poll for and process events
glfw.poll_events()
glfw.terminate()
