Vern Poythress问宇宙法则哲学中的“模态”(法则)到底是什么,是造物主还是被造物?看起来都不对,这时,看起来模态是某种third thing——在造物主和被造物之外。
下面是Poythress的提问(Redeeming Philosophy,264页):
Cosmonomic philosophy tried to reckon with the Creator-creature distinction. But in discussing the law, some of the writings of cosmonomic philosophy do not seem to have been as clear as they could be. Cosmonomic philosophy has as one of its fundamental categories the idea of law, a “cosmic” law for the universe (not just the moral law as promulgated on Mount Sinai). The status of this law makes a difference. Is the law divine? Is it God speaking? Or is it a third thing? And if we say (as I think we should not) that it is a third thing, does it end up separating us from God and promoting a picture where God threatens to be an unknowable God behind the law? If the cosmic law is a third thing, the law, and not God, becomes the only thing to which we have real access. This conclusion would be contrary to the deepest intentions of the founders of cosmonomic philosophy. But such a conclusion can nevertheless creep in unwittingly if we do not make clear the status of law.
对此质疑的回答是:dooyeweerd定义模态是造物主和被造物的边界。它有其(1)法则面,即神的意志,祂向着受造界的统管、旨意和命令(十五个模态中,基础部分是无可抗拒的,上层部分是人可能抗拒的),还有其(2)事实面,乃是受造物实存的运转架构和意义内核。模态法则乃对应于时间,后者包括“秩序”和“绵延”两个方面(时间同时是客观和主观的,是外在规范和内在实存方式)。所以Poythress的问法不对,法则并不是实体或实存者,而是实体存在的本体论条件。
换言之,模态或宇宙法则并不是什么third thing。It's not a THING, but a WAY, 借此,有神形象的人,得而以如神的方式把握乃至修建这个世界(基础部分借自然之光,上层部分需要靠特殊启示来消除罪所带来的愚拙和悖逆)。他在其自我意识中构造世界,以此作为他回应神和与人互动的基础。人处理杂多表象而在其自我意识中构造世界,这之所以可以具备普遍有效性,因为神的律法同时内嵌于人的实存(正如内嵌于受造物的实存)因此是人认知的先天条件,又在诸天诉说和圣经启示中不断向人心显明,敦促人心做出其自身主体性的回应,最终造成一种神人盟约实际——正如魏司坚所谓之改革宗三原则所呈现的。用沃格林的词汇的话,这乃是一种“唤启”。
Poythress的提问与其说是针对dooyeweerd,不如说是针对一般意义上神的法则。不过他关注极为有价值,这也是dooyeweerd对模态或宇宙法则的讨论要归结到圣经意义上的人“心”而不只是世界观的原因:对模态的认识不能只是在法则层面,要进入实存层面。理性(理论思维-经验性)对宇宙模态的认识,终极而言,是心(前理论-超越性)对那法则之源头者的认识,而这,归结为基督。
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另,刚看到老杜的当代研究者DFM Strauss有一段极为重要的术语解释,在老杜《人文主义政治理论的危机》的编者前言中: