语言是人类进行沟通交流的表达方式。据德国出版的《语言学及语言交际工具问题手册》,世界上查明的有5651种语言。一般来说,各个民族都有自己的语言,语言是民族的重要特征之一。汉语、英语、西班牙语、俄语、阿拉伯语、法语是世界上的主要语言,也是联合国主要的工作语言。汉语是全球母语使用人口最多的语言,英语是全球使用最广泛的语言。语言和文字是两个概念,往往是先有语言,后产生文字。
语言的三要素是语音、语法和词汇,是由词汇按一定的语法所构成的语音表义系统。根据语言的要素特征和起源关系,把世界上的语言分成不同语系,每个语系包括有数量不等的语种,这些语系与语种都有一定的地域分布,不同的语言在发展过程中也在不断借鉴融合。
就定义而言,语言是生物同类之间由于沟通需要而制定的具有统一编码解码标准的声音(图像)指令。实质定义语言是以声音/符号为物质外壳,以含义为内涵,由词汇和语法构成并能表达人类思想的指令系统。语音、手势、表情是语言在人类肢体上的体现,文字符号是语言的显像符号。
语言就广义而言,是采用一套具有共同处理规则来进行表达的沟通指令,指令会以视觉、声音或者触觉方式来传递。严格来说,语言是指人类沟通所使用的指令-自然语言。所有人都是通过学习从而获得的语言能力,语言的目的是交流观念、意见、思想等。语言学就是从人类研究语言分类与规则而发展出来的。研究语言的专家被称为语言学家。当人类发现了某些动物能够以某种方式沟通,就诞生了动物语言的概念。到了电脑的诞生,人类需要给予电脑指令。这种“单向沟通”就成了电脑语言。
语言的表达方式是指人们使用语言的形式,人们使用语言的方式主要有两种,人的肢体行为和文字。
人的肢体行为是人们使用语言的主要形式,口述声音、手势及表情就是人的肢体行为体现。口语是人类使用行为进行语言交流的最主要的方式。
符号的应用主要表现为文字,文字是现代人类语言最大的应用类。文字通过记载读音(拼音文字)或语音所表达的信息(表意文字)来记录语言(参考定义:语言文字是人类与客观世界之间的桥梁与工具。广义的语言文字还包括音符、图画、数学符号等,宇宙中最简单最基本的语言文字是二进制。)
语言是人与人之间的一种交流方式,人们彼此的交往离不开语言。尽管通过图片、动作、表情等可以传递人们的思想,但是语言是其中最重要的,也是最方便的媒介。然而世界各地的人们所用的语言各不相同,彼此间直接交谈是困难的,甚至是不可能的。即使是同一种语言,还有不同的方言,其差别程度也不相同。有的方言可以基本上相互理解,有的差别极大,好像是另一种语言,北京人听不懂广东话就是一个很好的例子。
不仅在不同的地区,有不同的语言和方言,就是在同一地区,不同的社会阶层,不同年龄的人之间都会有特殊的词汇来表达其独特的感情,使另一阶层或不同年龄的人难以理解。
在一种语言环境中掌握某种语言后,虽然也可以学会另一种或几种其他语言或方言,可是原语言或方言的口音很难完全改变,总会留下一定程度的原来所说语言的口音。熟悉语言的人往往就能从这些细微的差别中区分出说话人的家乡所在地及其身分和职业特征。
语言是文化的一个重要组成部分,甚至可以说没有语言也就不可能有文化,只有通过语言才能把文化一代代传下去。语言是保持生活方式的一个重要手段,几乎每个文化集团都有自己独特的语言。
语言是在特定的环境中,为了生活的需要而产生的,所以特定的环境必然会在语言上打上特定的烙印。另外,语言是人们交流思想的媒介,因此,它必然会对政治、经济和社会、科技,乃至文化本身产生影响。语言这种文化现象是不断发展的,其现今的空间分布也是过去扩散、变化和发展的结果,所以,只有摆在时空的环境里才能全面地、深入地了解其与自然环境及人文环境的关系。语言也是不同物种间沟通的桥梁。
指向性:语言具备指向性,语言的指向性使语言的含义描述可以指向对应的事、物。如:树、人、上等。语言的指向性受人为认可的事实。例如,“人”可以表示真实的“人”,但如果我们不认可其表示“人”转换另一个字符那么语言的指向性就会转换到另一字符上。
描述性:语言的描述性是语言含义的体现,语言具备描述性是语言能够交流的重要体现。语言的描述性受语言的指向性变化。如:人/大人/小大人,人/人民/人民的等。
逻辑性:语言是一种有结构、有规则的指令系统。语言的逻辑受语言的指向描述而变化。如:我是一个中国人/我像一个中国人,1+1=2/1*1=1,this is an apple/this is a car等。
语言的交际性:物质与物质之间的交流需要建立一定的联系,无论其是否相关。而两个非相关的物质要建立联系就必须采用一定的方式。而语言沟通是采用一套具有统一编码解码标准的声音(图像)指令输出,从而使得生物(人)与生物(人)获得沟通。
传播性:语言的沟通需要采用一套具有统一编码解码标准的声音(图像)指令。而具有统一编码解码标准的声音(图像)指令并不为生物天生,因此,人类需要通过学习获得,而人类学习语言的过程就是语言传播的过程。
传承性(无限传播):语言可以传播使得语言具备无限传播的能力,无限传播语言可以使得两个异时空/异地域的生物(人)可以获得相同的一套编码解码标准的声音/图像指令。因此从理论上来说,语言可以受公共大众共识传播并保存。但实际上语言时时都在进化,两千多年前无论是语音还是字符都与今天的语言变化较多。且不同地域的有特殊交际行为/语言的物种也有自己的特殊交际行为/语言。而现代语言却又是建立在有古语言的基础之上的。因此,可以说现代语言是古语言通过无限传播(传承)与进化同时并进而得来的。语言的无限传播是一种假象也是一个事实(已传承的事实)。
物种性(民族性):一个物种进化出的特殊交流行为为一个物种所独有,国家、地域的不同,交际行为会有所差异。世界语言有很多,各国的语言都不同。即使相同的国家,地域的不同语言也有相差。即使是同一种语言,还有不同的方言,其差别程度也不相同。有的方言可以基本上相互理解,有的差别极大,好像是另一种语言,北京人听不懂广东话就是一个很好的例子(前面说了)。不仅在不同的地区,有不同的语言和方言,就是在同一地区,不同的社会阶层,不同年龄的人之间都会有特殊的词汇来表达其独特的感情,使另一阶层或不同年龄的人难以理解。如美国的黑人,他们虽然也使用英语,但是他们说的英语也有自己的特点,甚至被称为黑人英语。
据联合国教科文组织最新发布的《濒危语言图谱》,全世界有7000种语言,其中一半以上将在本世纪消亡,80~90%将在未来200年灭绝。平均每2个星期就有一种语言消失。据统计,世界80%的人讲83种主要语言,剩下6000多种语言绝大多数从没有过文字记载,没有字典、书,在任何图书馆或数据库都找不到它们的资料。一切信息只储存在人们的记忆里,因此尤其脆弱。
中国形势
中国虽不在语言濒危的热点地带,但中国129种语言中有一半以上活力很低,至少二三十种语言处于濒危状态,比如云南的阿奴语、东北的赫哲语、新疆的塔塔语、甘肃的裕固语、中部的土家语等。很多语言的濒危是因为普通话的推广和压制,其他语言又缺乏保护。
造成原因
语言的死亡通常有两种方式:1、说这种语言的人消失了;2、说这种语言的人放弃了自己的母语,转而使用另一种语言。过去200年间,殖民主义是最大的破坏者,欧洲殖民者在澳大利亚消灭了150多种土著语言,在北美扫荡了300多种土著语言;是全球化,经济和社会压力逼迫人们从村庄搬到城市,他们的母语时时处在强势语言的压制之下。(这是丑化的,我认为没这么恶劣,但也确有其事)
以非洲为例,除了阿拉伯语(那是因为使用地域广阔,不易被消灭)和其他零星的当地语言之外,其余国家基本都以英语、法语、葡萄牙语等欧洲语言为官方语言,尽管非洲东部仍有许多国家有以当地语言为官方语言的,大多也和欧洲语言同为官方语言。
学者观点
语言濒危是一种全球现象,但是却值得所有人关注。保护民族语言和抢救濒危语言就是为了保护多样性的民族文化,同时也是为了保障各民族成员的平等权利。这正如中国知名学者周海中曾经指出的那样:一些民族语言正面临着全球化、工业化、互联网等的冲击,正处于逐渐消失的危险,有关部门、机构以及语言学界都应该采取积极而有效的措施来保护弱势的民族语言和抢救濒临灭绝的民族语言。这样既有利于人类文明的传承和发展,也有利于民族团结、社会安定。
Language is the expression of humancommunication. According to the Handbook of Linguistics and Tools of LanguageCommunication published in Germany, there are 5,651 languages identified in theworld. Generally speaking, each nation has its own language, and language isone of the important characteristics of a nation. Chinese, English, Spanish,Russian, Arabic and French are the world's major languages and the main workinglanguages of the United Nations. Chinese is the world's largest native speaker,and English is the world's most widely spoken language. Language and writingare two concepts, which are usually preceded by language and followed bywriting.
The three elements of language arephonology, grammar and vocabulary, which is a phonetic signification systemcomposed of vocabulary according to certain grammar. According to thecharacteristics of language elements and origin relationship, the world'slanguages are divided into different language families, each language familyincludes a number of languages, these languages and languages have a certaingeographical distribution, different languages in the process of developmentare constantly learning and integrating.
By definition, a language is A set OF sound(image) instructions with uniform CODING and decoding standards FOR THEcommunication needs of the same biological species. Language is an instructionsystem which is composed of words and grammar and can express human thoughts,with sound/symbol as material shell, meaning as connotation. Speech, gestureand expression are the embodiment of language in human body, and writtensymbols are the image symbols of language.
Language, in its broad sense, is a set ofcommunication instructions expressed by a common set of processing rules, whichcan be delivered visually, soundly or haptically. Strictly speaking, languagerefers to the instructions humans use to communicate - natural language. Allpeople acquire language skills through study. The purpose of language is toexchange ideas, opinions, thoughts, etc. Linguistics is developed from thehuman study of language classification and rules. Experts who study languageare called linguists. The concept of animal language was born when humansdiscovered that certain animals could communicate in certain ways. Whencomputers came into being, humans needed to give them instructions. This"one-way communication" becomes computer language.
The way of expression of language refers tothe way people use language. There are two main ways people use language, humanbody behavior and writing.
Human body behavior is the main form oflanguage use, oral voice, gesture and expression are the embodiment of humanbody behavior. Spoken language is the most important way for human beings tocommunicate through behavior.
The application of symbols is mainlyexpressed in writing, which is the largest application class of modern humanlanguage. Characters record language by recording pronunciation (Pinyincharacters) or phonetic information (ideographic characters). (Referencedefinition: Language is a bridge and tool between human beings and theobjective world. The BROAD LANGUAGE also INCLUDES MUSICAL notes, pictures,mathematical symbols, ETC. The SIMPLEST AND MOST BASIC LANGUAGE in the universeIS BINARY.
Language is a way of communication betweenpeople, people can not communicate with each other without language. Althoughpeople's thoughts can be conveyed through pictures, movements, expressions,etc., language is the most important and convenient medium. However, people indifferent parts of the world speak different languages. It is difficult, evenimpossible, to talk to each other directly. Even in the same language, thereare different dialects, with different degrees of difference. Some dialects arebasically mutually intelligible, while others are so different that they seemto be another language. Cantonese is a good example of this.
Not only in different regions, there aredifferent languages and dialects, it is in the same region, different socialclasses, people of different ages will have special words to express theirunique feelings, so that people of another class or different ages aredifficult to understand.
After mastering a certain language in alanguage environment, although you can also learn another or several otherlanguages or dialects, the accent of the original language or dialect isdifficult to change completely, and there will always be a certain degree ofaccent of the original language. People familiar with the language can oftendistinguish between these subtle differences in the speaker's hometown, identityand occupation characteristics.
Language is an important part of culture.It can even be said that there is no culture without language. Only throughlanguage can culture be passed down from generation to generation. Language isan important means of maintaining a way of life, and almost every culturalgroup has its own unique language.
Language is produced in a specificenvironment for the needs of life, so the specific environment will inevitablymark the language with a specific brand. In addition, language is the mediumthrough which people exchange ideas, so it is bound to have an impact onpolitics, economy and society, science and technology, and even culture itself.The cultural phenomenon of language is constantly developing, and its currentspatial distribution is also the result of the diffusion, change anddevelopment of the past. Therefore, only in the space-time environment can wecomprehensively and deeply understand its relationship with the naturalenvironment and