1. 不定式 infinitive
2. 动名词 gerund
3. 分词 participles

不定式作主语
To err is human; to forgive, divine.
To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic.
It + to do sth. 句型
It's easy to be wise after the event.
It is easier to spend money than to make money.
It’s better to love someone you can't have than to have someone you can't love.
不定式作宾语
I hope to see you again.
This company refused to cooperate with us.
He promised not to tell anyone about it.
Why should anyone bother his treasure to help a stranger?
a. Risking to lose
b. To risk losing
c. Risking losing
d. To risk to lose
Afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, trouble, try, want, wish
Wh- to do句型
I wonder who to invite.
Show us what to do.
I don't know whether to answer this letter.
Ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder
v. it+宾语+to do 句型
I think it hard to answer the question in one go.
He feels it challenging to be a marketing supervisor.
Using many symbols makes C to put a large amount of information on a single map.
A. Possible
B. It is possible
C. It possible
D. That possible
不定式作宾语补足语 v. sb. To do sth.
They don't allow people to smoke in the theatre.
The chairman declared the meeting to be over.
Allow me to drink to your success.
在let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后面的作宾补的不定式中，to要省略。
不定式作定语 n. to do sth.
I need some paper to write on.
I need a pen to write with.
She has four children to take care of.
I had no place to live in.
You just regard me as a thing, an object to look at, to use, to touch, but not to listen to or to take seriously.
不定式作状语：目的状语
Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.
To acquire knowledge, one must study, but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.
We had better start early to catch the train.
I went to the post office to mail a letter.
So as to/in order to句型
We had better start early so as to catch the train.
I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.
The teacher raised her voice in order for use to hear more clearly.
不定式作状语：结果状语
only to do…句型
We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left.
All too often, women complain that they're educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors.
He worked very hard, only to find he had not finished half of the job.
Too…to句型
Only too句型
I'm only too pleased to help you.
He would be only too glad to be her boyfriend, but he knew he couldn't match her in family status.

动名词作主语
Seeing is believing.
Reading is like permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer.
Having a successful marriage takes effort and patience.
It is no good/use doing sth.句型
Is it any good trying to explain?
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
It's not much use my buying salmon if you don't like fish.
It's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
It's no use me not to worry.
A. You tell
B. Your telling
C. For you to have told
D. Having told
There is no point/use/good (in) doing sth.句型
There is no point in my buying salmon if you don't like fish.
There is no point in my going out to date someone.
There is no use your arguing with him.
There is no doing sth.=it's impossible to do sth./we can't do sth.
There is no denying the fact that…
There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.
There is no knowing the future.

动名词作宾语
admit，advise， anticipate，appreciate，avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dilke, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, can't help, imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practice, prohibit, put off, resent, resist, risk, can't stand, suggest, tolerate, understand

Doing sth. Involves sth. 如果要做某事必须要做某事。
Learning English well involves hard working/reading it aloud every morning.
Being a soft engineer involves

Can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事

Risk sth/ sb's sth.

I will overlook your being so rude to my sister this time but don't let it happen again.
I can't tolerate his speeking ill of me.
Speek ill of sb说某人坏话
Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.
Being a bad-tempered man, he would not tolerate having his lectures interrupted.
Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.
Putting in a new window sill involves cutting away part of the roof.
They are considering buying the house before the prices go up.
She was so angry that she felt like throwing something at him.

Remember to do sth./remember doing sth.
Please remember to write to me.
I remember losing my briefcase in the subway station.

Forget to do sth./forget doing sth.
I forgot to take my umbrella with me and leave it in your museum.
I'll never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.

Stop to do sth./stop doing sth.
Heavy smokers often stop during work to have a cigarette.
People who suffer from a sore throat must stop smoking.

Mean to do sth./mean doing sth.
An increasing number of people mean to be a telecommuter.越来越多的人想要成为远程上班族。
commute通勤 commuter上班族 suttle bus班车 tele-远程的 work from home
Telecommuting became the
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefits.

Regret to do sth./regret doing sth.
I regret to say I have left my laptop in your house.遗憾的说我把笔记本电脑忘在你家了。
Home schooling parents will regret keeping their children at home.

Try to do sth./try doing sth.
I tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect.
I once tried to learn Japanese.

To doing sth.句型（to是介词）
Look forward to, object to, be/get used to, prefer doing to doing, in addition to, be accustomed to, devote…to/be devoted to, dedicate…to/be dedicated to, object to, be opposed to
I'm looking forward to hearing from you.
I'm used/accustomed to sleeping with the lights on.
The students object to increasing their tuition.
The children are opposed to having a party without their uncle.
They don't object to our postponing the meeting until Friday.
I must warn my son against playing by the river.

Have difficulty/trouble/(a lot of) fun/(lots of) pleasure/a hard time/a good time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.句型
The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time catching the last bus.
I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place.

Can't help doing, can't resist doing, can't keep from doing, can't hold back from doing, can't keep back from doing…句型
No one can help liking Tom; he is such a cute boy.

Be worth doing, be worthy of being done/to be done句型
The book is worth reading.
The book is worthy of being read。
The book is worthy to be read.

Be busy doing sth./be busy with sth.句型
The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy sending back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon.

现在分词的意义
1.主动的、一般的动作
Flying fishes， apromising yong man, the exploiting class, an understanding man, a puzzling problem, a room facing south
2.主动的、进行的动作
Falling leaves, the man standing at the gate is my teacher. I like the girl dancing with that guy. The setting/rising sun/the barking dog/a sleeping child

1.被动的、一般的或完成的动作
The exploited class, a respected writer, a broken cup, an annoyed man, trained employees, boiled water
Boring/bored
Disgusting/disgusted
Gross
2.主动的、完成的动作
Fallen leaves, a retired general, faded colors, departed friends, a developed country, returned students, a married man

分词作状语
Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people in the street.
Waiting for a bus, I saw a brick fell on my head.
After doing my homework, I fed the dog.
When using the computer, you must remember the password.
Arriving home, I found the door locked.
Being a pop fan, she likes Celine Dion most.

独立分词结构
It being so nice a day, we go out for a walk.
Weather permitting, we'll be going fishing tomorrow.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.

I have many hobbies with fishing being my favorite.
He has a big family with three generation living in it.
I did a good job with my mathematics being the number one in the class.

So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.
Some snakes lay eggs, others giving birth to live off-spring.
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely./followed by copper closely.

固定表达方式
a.副词+speaking
Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.
Strictly speaking/strictly/to be strict, this not a right answer.
Truth to be told,…
Honestly speaking/honestly/to be honest,…
In fact/for example

b.分词+介词
Judging from his expression, he is in a lousy mood.
Allowing for her inexperience, she has done a good job.
Talking of English, she is the best speaker.
When it comes to,… 说到……
Taking everything into consideration/everything taken into consideration, they ought to win this game.

c.分词+(that)从句
Seeing/considering that she has no experience, she has done a good job.
Considering how far from perfect most human brains are, there isn't much treat from a computer.
Supposing there was a war, what would you do?
Granting that he has made a mistake, he is not to blame, for he intended to help us.
Take this…

分词作状语在句中的意义
表时间，要置于句首
a.分词动作发生在谓语动词之前
1. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.
2. Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us.
3. Reading the letter, she burst out crying.
4. Locking the door, he went home.
5. Hearing the joke, we burst our laughing.
b.分词动作与谓语动词同时发生
1. Riding in the street during the rush hours, you must be careful.
2. Be careful when crossing the street.
表原因，可置于句首、句末或主谓之间
1. It being so nice a day, let's go out for a walk.
2. Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask you for your voice.
3. Clint, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.
I lack money. Lack 及物动词
Because some children lack adequate social experience, they may go astray.
Lacking adequate social experience, some children may go astray.
Clint, warned not to go back home, decided stay at home.
Having been warned not to go back home, Clint decided stay at home.
表条件，通常放在句首
1. Given more time, I would be able to complete it.
2. Weather permitting, we'll go fishing.
3. United, we stand; divided, we fail.
4. If seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.
5. Added to steel, chromium increase the metal's hardness.
表让步，通常放在句首
1. Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can't speak English well.
2. Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
3. Though understanding no Japanese, Charles was able to communicate with them.
4. Although usually living on or under rocks or on coral reefs, marine snails have been observed in a great variety of habitats.
5. Although still running in a number of cities, the electric trolley has for the most part fallen into disuse.
Fall into disuse抛弃
trolley有轨车
表结果，通常放在句末
1. Finding the door locked, I went home.
I went home, finding the door locked.
2. His wife died three years ago, leaving him with five children.
3. It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.
4. He fired, killing one of the bandits.
5. The film exposed profound cultural conflicts between the East and West, arousing concerns in Chinese audiences.
表伴随状况、补充说明或方式，置于句首或句末均可
1. Smiling, he answered.
He works standing up.
2. He came running breathless and told me the results.
3. We sat talking about college life on the grass.
4. The old man enjoyed sitting in the sun listening to the radio.
5. The truck passed by, with a wake of dust floating toward me.

连词或介词后的分词短语
1. Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
deprive sb. of sth.
Media censorship deprives the public of their right to know the truth.
Exam Oriented education deprives children of their imagination.

Money oriented mentality
Paparazzi's gossips about celebrity's（名流）life deprive them of their privacy.
Force retirement deprives senior people of their right to work.
2. Be careful while crossing the road.
3. After talking to you, I always feel much better.
4. Although exhausted by the walk, he continued his journey.
If we don't use alternative energy, the earth will be exhausted.
5. Although still running in a number of cities, the electric trolley has for the most part fallen into disuse.
6. After having annoyed everybody, he went home.
7. If seen under microscope, a fresh snow has delicate six-pointed shape.

介词+分词短语
With/without+分词，表示伴随状况或原因
1. A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust.
2. The old man often takes a walk after supper with his dog following him.
3. She left the party, without a word said.
On/upon+分词，表示时间
1. On hearing her son's death, the mother broke out crying.
On receiving the money, I will deliver it up.

主语相同的时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句：
1. 从句中的连词：
a. 一定要去掉：because等表示因为的词
b. 可去可不去：when\while\if\after\thouth…
c. 不能去掉：before\since等有特殊意义的词
Who+do=doing
Who+be=\

thorn荆棘 thorny棘手的
The covin-19 pandemic is the most thorny issue facing human beings./faced with human beings.
Huawei is one of the competitors facing our company.

seemingly貌似