学亚里士多德不完整笔记 E05 其师治于学，其徒治于天下
■文本理解
Aristotle and Greek Science
I. The Historical Background
In 338 BC he defeated the Athenians at Chæronea, and saw at last a Greece united, though with chains. And then, as he stood upon this victory, and planned how he and his son should master and unify the world, he fell under an assassin's hand.
Alexander, when Aristotle came, was a wild youth of thirteen; passionate, epileptic, almost alcoholic; it was his pastime to tame horses untamable by men.
The efforts of the philosopher to cool the fires of this budding volcano were not of much avail; Alexander had better success with Bucephalus than Aristotle with Alexander.
"For a while," says Plutarch, "Alexander loved and cherished Aristotle no less than as if he had been his own father; saying that though he had received life from the one, the other had taught him the art of living." ("Life," says a fine Greek adage, "is the gift of nature; but beautiful living is the gift of wisdom.") "
For my part," said Alexander in a letter to Aristotle, "I had rather excel in the knowledge of what is good than in the extent of my power and dominion."
But this was probably no more than a royal-youthful compliment; beneath the enthusiastic tyro of philosophy was the fiery son of a barbarian princess and an untamed king; the restraints of reason were too delicate to hold these ancestral passions in leash; and Alexander left philosophy after two years to mount the throne and ride the world.
History leaves us free to believe (though we should suspect these pleasant thoughts) that Alexander's unifying passion derived some of its force and grandeur from his teacher, the most synthetic thinker in the history of thought; and that the conquest of order in the political realm by the pupil, and in the philosophic realm by the master, were but diverse sides of one noble and epic project —two magnificent Macedonians unifying two chaotic worlds.
Setting out to conquer Asia, Alexander left behind him, in the cities of Greece, governments favorable to him but populations resolutely hostile. The long tradition of a free and once imperial Athens made subjection—even to a brilliant world-conquering despot—intolerable; and the bitter eloquence of Demosthenes kept the Assembly always on the edge of revolt against the "Macedonian party" that held the reins of city power.
Now when Aristotle, after another period of travel, returned to Athens in the year 334 BC, he very naturally associated with this Macedonian group, and took no pains to conceal his approval of Alexander's unifying rule.
As we study the remarkable succession of works, in speculation and research, which Aristotle proceeded to unfold in the last twelve years of his life; and as we watch him in his multifold tasks of organizing his school, and of coördinating such a wealth of knowledge as probably never before had passed through the mind of one man; let us occasionally remember that this was no quiet and secure pursuit of truth; that at any minute the political sky might change, and precipitate a storm in this peaceful philosophic life.
Only with this situation in mind shall we understand Aristotle's political philosophy, and his tragic end.
语言点
- assassin: n. 刺客
- passionate: adj. 富有激情的
- epileptic: adj. 多动的；躁动的
- budding: adj. 萌芽的；发育期的
- avail: n. 益处；效用；利益
- Plutarch UK /'plu:tɑ:k/ US /'plu:tɑ:k/
普鲁塔克，公元 46 - 120，是一位用希腊文写作的罗马传记文学家、散文家、以及柏拉图学派的知识分子。有点像是中国的司马迁。
- the art of living: 生活的艺术
- adage: n. 名言
- no more than: 仅仅是
- fiery: adj. 暴躁的；激烈的
- untamed: adj. 未驯服的；未屈服的
- hold something in leash: 用绳索绑起某物
- ride the world: 征服世界
- grandeur: n. 格局；壮丽
- synthetic: adj. 综合的
- realm: n. 领域
- resolutely: adv. 坚决地；毅然地
- subjection: n. 服从；隶属
- despot: n. 专制君主，暴君；独裁者
- Demosthenes: 狄摩西尼，公元前 384 — 322，古希腊最伟大的政治家、演说家、雄辩家和希腊联军统帅，为了克服口吃的毛病，口含石子在海边练习演说。
- revolt: vi. 反抗；反叛
- unfold: vt. 展开
- multifold: adj. 多面的；多种的
- precipitate: vt. 促成；降水
历史背景
更多关于亚里士多德的传说
（3）马其顿国王被刺杀（338 BC）
→克罗尼亚大败雅典人，建立起统一的希腊
→与儿子筹谋称霸天下，遭受到了他人刺杀
（4）亚历山大与亚里士多德
→亚历山大当时的情状
1.年龄与形象：十三岁的孩子，激情而躁动
2.习惯与爱好：有酗酒的习惯，爱驯养野马
→亚里士多德调教情形
1. 调教成效：收效甚微，亚历山大如喷发的火山
2. 师不如马：驯养野马，亚历山大更觉得有成就
→两人之间的情同父子
1. 普鲁塔克的叙述：他从生父得生存的性命，从老师得生活的艺术
（雅典古训：生之性命是自然的礼物，美好生活是智慧的结晶。）
2. 亚历山大的书信： 我宁愿学何为美好的认识，胜过对力量与统治的了解。
（仅是恭维，外衣下热忱学习哲学，骨子里野性激情难耐）
→两人统一了两个世界
1. 亚历山大：用马鞭征服并统治世界，现实世界的政治统治
2. 亚里士多德：人类思想史的集大成，哲学领域的思想统治
雅典城邦内的暗流湧动，亚里士多德的选择结果
（1）雅典城邦内的暗流湧动
→亚历山大征伐下各个城邦，统治阶层愿意归顺，一般百姓深怀怨恨
1. 民之所愿：长期自由政治与雄踞一方的过去
2. 民之所怨：亚历山大集聪明雄心一身的暴君
→狄摩西尼煽动下一般百姓，酝酿议会反抗统治，欲推翻马其顿集团
（2）亚里士多德的选择结果
→选择投向马其顿集团：完成旅行后回到雅典，表达认可亚历山大的政策
→结果难免面对不太平：
1.环境的不太平，影响着十二年间～
- 学术成果与着作
- 学院管理与方案
- 庞大知识与体系
2.政治的不太平，影响着真理探寻～
- 雅典并非乐土，政治随时变天
- 研学并不平静，乌云已然成形
3.结局的不太平，影射着悲惨下场
■夏老师小结要点
人的一生要去追求生命的艺术（the art of living）
历史留给我们许多想像的空间（History leaves us free to believe）
其师治于学，其徒治于天下，入世之学者之幸，哲学之幸：
→柏拉图远比不上亚里士多德，他所提的理想国理念，别人不管用，还将他入狱。
→亚里士多德把他的想法路径全面真正地用在了马其顿帝国之上。
中国古代的哲学史当中，儒家整个流派，不管孟老荀子，只得学者之势，不得政治之势。
唯有董仲舒罢黜百家，独尊儒术，将所有思想流派统合在一起。
【今日思考题】
为什么亚里士多德和柏拉图在哲学思想上逐渐越走越远？
【心得与答题】
亚里士多德成为帝王之师，也拥有财富与社会关系网路，足以让他发展其哲学；而柏拉图则不受待见，云游四海，身上没有什么财富。所以夏老师说柏拉图只是发端之后拓展哲学的宏大，但亚里士多德在成为帝师之后建立哲学的体系。
同道之间的差距怎么愈来愈远？其因素纷杂，但主要原因跟思维有关。
柏拉图属于理想型思维，重视概念；亚里士多德较偏向现实型思维，重视实际。柏拉图强调主观的思想，因此被称为唯心主义；而亚里士多德则能在唯心与唯物之间穿梭调和，因此思想更进一步。
此中还有「后后胜前」的理由，亚里士多德有前车之鑑，避掉险坑；也能以前人的研究为基础，向上一着。
亚里士多德从学于柏拉图时，柏拉图自己的思想也有所变化，开始转向数学、分类法与自然科学，有许多专家进驻于柏拉图的学园中，也影响了亚里士多德的研究方向。亚里士多德在柏拉图逝世后，学园里的学习风气改变，他开始用自己的方式延续老师为完成的研究，更发展出自己独到的见解。
这启发我们：活在现代，有太多前人留下的成果，给我们太多成功与失败的范例，让我们作为自己思想的基础与行为的参考，使自己更进一步。我们需要做的，就是博学、审问、慎思、明辨、笃行，必然不输古人，「更上孤峰最高处，大千沙界着精神」。
