Day22-Linux磁盘文件系统知识与格式化实战

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): l

0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx

5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data

6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .

7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility

8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt

9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access

a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O

b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor

c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs

e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT

f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/

10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b

11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor

12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor

14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary

16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS

17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE

18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto

1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep

1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT

1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 2048 309247 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 309248 616447 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb3 616448 923647 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb4 923648 2097151 586752 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 925696 1232895 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb6 1234944 1542143 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb7 1544192 1851391 153600 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7

Hex code (type L to list all codes): L

0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx

5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data

6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .

7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility

8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt

9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access

a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O

b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor

c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs

e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT

f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/

10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b

11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor

12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor

14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary

16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS

17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE

18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto

1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep

1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT

1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix

Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e

Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xbc9b0906

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 2048 309247 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 309248 616447 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb3 616448 923647 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb4 923648 2097151 586752 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 925696 1232895 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb6 1234944 1542143 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb7 1544192 1851391 153600 8e Linux LVM

Command (m for help):

dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=10240

来源生成文件系统 block大小块个数

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=10240

10240+0 records in

10240+0 records out

5242880 bytes (5.2 MB) copied, 0.0810606 s, 64.7 MB/s

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/sdc

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5242880 Mar 29 09:55 /dev/sdc

[root@oldboyedu ~]# file /dev/sdc

/dev/sdc: x86 boot sector; partition 1: ID=0x83, active, starthead 32, startsector 2048, 524288 sectors; partition 2: ID=0x82, starthead 194, startsector 526336, 1572864 sectors; partition 3: ID=0x83, starthead 170, startsector 2099200, 39843840 sectors, code offset 0x63

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor #blocks name

8 16 1048576 sdb

8 17 153600 sdb1

8 18 153600 sdb2

8 19 153600 sdb3

8 20 1 sdb4

8 21 153600 sdb5

8 22 153600 sdb6

8 23 153600 sdb7

8 0 20971520 sda

8 1 262144 sda1

8 2 786432 sda2

8 3 19921920 sda3

11 0 1048575 sr0

[root@oldboyedu ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb

作业：自学：如何用一条fdisk命令回车完成上述分区。

需求：RAID5大小6T，已经装了系统了，额外添加4块2T盘

现有一个做了RAID5的硬盘，要求分三个区，

硬盘总分区大小： 6.2T

/data0 4.8T

/data1 1T

4G （无需格式化，作DRBD+Hearbeat+MySQL高可用集群）

parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt #<==修改分区格式为gpt。

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 0 4800000 #<==创建一个4.8T主分区

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 4800001 5800001 #<==创建一个1T主分区

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 5800002 5804098 #<==创建一个4G主分区

parted /dev/sdb p

=====================一键分区============================

parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 0 480 I

parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 481 580 I

parted /dev/sdb p

=========================================================

[root@oldboyedu ~]# parted /dev/sdb

GNU Parted 3.1

Using /dev/sdb

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) help

align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment

help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND

mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)

mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition

name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME

print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found

partitions, or a particular partition

quit exit program

rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END

resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER

rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER

select DEVICE choose the device to edit

disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device

disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device

set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER

toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER

unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT

version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted

(parted) mklabel gpt

Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to

continue?

Yes/No? Yes

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

(parted)

(parted) mkpart primary 481 580 I

(parted) mkpart primary 481 580

Warning: You requested a partition from 481MB to 580MB (sectors 939453..1132812).

The closest location we can manage is 481MB to 481MB (sectors 940031..940031).

Is this still acceptable to you?

Yes/No? yes

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? I

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary

3 481MB 481MB 512B primary

2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary

(parted) mkpart logic 581 600

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary

3 481MB 481MB 512B primary

2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary

4 581MB 600MB 18.9MB logic

(parted) help

align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment

help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND

mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)

mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition

name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME

print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found

partitions, or a particular partition

quit exit program

rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END

resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER

rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER

select DEVICE choose the device to edit

disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device

disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device

set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER

toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER

unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT

version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted

(parted) rm 4

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary

3 481MB 481MB 512B primary

2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary

(parted)

(parted) rm 4 #删除

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary

3 481MB 481MB 512B primary

2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary

======================================================================

[root@oldboyedu ~]# parted /dev/sdb #交互式开始分区

GNU Parted 3.1

Using /dev/sdb

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) help

(parted) mklabel gpt #修改分区格式为gpt

Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to

continue?

Yes/No? Yes

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt #修改结果

(parted) mkpart primary 0 480 #创建第一个主分区480M。

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? Ignore #忽略提示。

(parted) mkpart primary 481 580 #创建第二个主分区100M。

Warning: You requested a partition from 481MB to 580MB (sectors 939453..1132812).

The closest location we can manage is 481MB to 481MB (sectors 940031..940031).

Is this still acceptable to you?

Yes/No? Y

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? I #忽略提示。

(parted) mkpart logic 581 600 #创建一个20M逻辑分区。

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary

3 481MB 481MB 512B primary

2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary

4 581MB 600MB 18.9MB logic

(parted) rm 4 #删除

(parted) p

问题需求：刚买的服务器 4块2T 刚买，要做RAID5，装系统怎么搞定？

方法1：Raid制作视频，Raid里可以支持RAID5后，6T，允许你把6T分成虚拟磁盘。

200G分成第一个虚拟磁盘剩下不分留着装系统后（parted）。

方法2：装系统过程中有这个功能，系统镜像支持GPT格式分区，很隐蔽。

方法3：引导工具，进入然后用parted分区。

生产场景分区方案：

3种。

分区知识：

（1）什么是分区，为什么要分区？

（2）磁盘和分区在Linux里的命名。

（3）磁盘分区类型和特点：

（4）磁盘分区工作原理：

（5）磁盘分区实战

（6）生产场景分区方案：4种。参考前面课程。

获得使用的磁盘过程====买房入住生活的过程

磁盘：房子

RAID：多套房子打通

分区：隔断/几居室/卧室/卫生间/厨房

==============================

文件系统：装修风格/中式/欧式/美式

格式化过程：装修的过程

挂载：开门、开窗住人使用

磁盘管理：生活中收拾屋子，打扫卫生，修修补补。

满足女生本能的需求，比满足意识层的需求更重要。

文件系统：

1、什么是文件系统？

计算机存储和组织数据的方法或者机制。落地是一个软件。

2、为什么需要文件系统？

磁盘、物理介质、磁粒子物理元素。硬件需要软件驱动使用，磁盘需要文件系统驱动。

文件系统实现通过磁盘管理规划、存取数据。

3、文件系统有哪些种类？

Windows:NTFS、fat32、msdos

Linux:ext2、ext3(C5)、ext4(C6)、Xfs（C7）、btrfs

4、创建文件系统实践

5、文件系统原理（ext文件系统）、文件系统特点

6、企业中如何选择文件系统。

7、企业里如何优化文件系统？

============================================================================================================================================================================================

[root@oldboyedu ~]# parted /dev/sdb #交互式开始分区

GNU Parted 3.1

Using /dev/sdb

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) help

(parted) mklabel gpt #修改分区格式为gpt

Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to

continue?

Yes/No? Yes

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt #修改结果

(parted) mkpart primary 0 480 #创建第一个主分区480M。

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? Ignore #忽略提示。

(parted) mkpart primary 481 580 #创建第二个主分区100M。

Warning: You requested a partition from 481MB to 580MB (sectors 939453..1132812).

The closest location we can manage is 481MB to 481MB (sectors 940031..940031).

Is this still acceptable to you?

Yes/No? Y

Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.

Ignore/Cancel? I #忽略提示。

(parted) mkpart logic 581 600 #创建一个20M逻辑分区。

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

1 17.4kB 480MB 480MB primary

3 481MB 481MB 512B primary

2 481MB 580MB 98.6MB primary

4 581MB 600MB 18.9MB logic

(parted) rm 4 #删除

(parted) p

分区被parted搞了。

修改分区格式：

(parted) mklabel msdos

Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to

continue?

Yes/No? Y

(parted) p

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Disk Flags:

创建分区：

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

e extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):

First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048):

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-2097151, default 2097151): +100M

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

e extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (2-4, default 2):

First sector (206848-2097151, default 206848):

Using default value 206848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-2097151, default 2097151): +100M

Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/sdb*

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 17 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb1

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 18 Mar 29 11:31 /dev/sdb2

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 #格式化ext4文件系统 mkfs.ext4

其实关键就是生成一定数量的Inode和Block。

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

25688 inodes, 102400 blocks

5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504

13 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

1976 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

挂载：开门、开窗住人使用

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #临时挂载到/mnt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h #查看挂载结果

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 19G 1.9G 18G 10% /

devtmpfs 980M 5.0M 975M 1% /dev

tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 991M 18M 973M 2% /run

tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 253M 136M 118M 54% /boot

tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0

tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/1000

/dev/sdb1 93M 1.6M 85M 2% /mnt #<====已挂载。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /proc/mounts #查看挂载结果

rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0

sysfs /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

proc /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

configfs /sys/kernel/config configfs rw,relatime 0 0

/dev/sda3 / xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0

systemd-1 /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc autofs rw,relatime,fd=32,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=19277 0 0

hugetlbfs /dev/hugepages hugetlbfs rw,relatime 0 0

debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0

mqueue /dev/mqueue mqueue rw,relatime 0 0

/dev/sda1 /boot xfs rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota 0 0

tmpfs /run/user/0 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=202812k,mode=700 0 0

tmpfs /run/user/1000 tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=202812k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sdb1 /mnt ext4 rw,relatime,data=ordered 0 0 #<==已挂载。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# touch /mnt/oldboy #<==测试。

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls /mnt

lost+found oldboy

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# umount /mnt

umount: /mnt: target is busy.

(In some cases useful info about processes that use

the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# pwd

/mnt

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# umount -lf /mnt #<==强制卸载

[root@oldboyedu /mnt]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 19G 1.9G 18G 10% /

devtmpfs 980M 5.0M 975M 1% /dev

tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 991M 18M 973M 2% /run

tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 253M 136M 118M 54% /boot

tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0

tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/1000

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /opt #没有格式化没法挂载

mount: /dev/sdb2 is write-protected, mounting read-only

mount: unknown filesystem type '(null)'

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb2 #格式化xfs文件系统

meta-data=/dev/sdb2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2 /opt

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h|grep opt

/dev/sdb2 97M 5.3M 92M 6% /opt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# touch /opt/oldgirl

[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls /opt

oldgirl

如何开机自动挂载？

/etc/fstab 开机自动挂载

几列？ 6列

[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /etc/fstab

UUID=3a3a295f-88f8-456d-94dc-1a3eeb517c02 / xfs defaults 0 0

UUID=fd2e0ca7-32be-425f-86a2-85c02b9ec5ea /boot xfs defaults 0 0

UUID=79a3924b-739e-48dc-ab0c-0444b9ac6591 swap swap defaults 0 0

设备挂载点文件系统类型默认挂载选项是否备份是否开机磁盘检查

/dev/sdb2 /opt xfs defaults 0 0

mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2 /opt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# blkid

/dev/sdb1: UUID="a45b004f-2322-4dc4-a281-2a212dd2ab79" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb2: UUID="7daf8142-b641-4b60-a287-4e08dfa18611" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda1: UUID="fd2e0ca7-32be-425f-86a2-85c02b9ec5ea" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda2: UUID="79a3924b-739e-48dc-ab0c-0444b9ac6591" TYPE="swap"

/dev/sda3: UUID="3a3a295f-88f8-456d-94dc-1a3eeb517c02" TYPE="xfs"

[root@oldboyedu ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab

/dev/sdb2 /opt xfs defaults 0 0

mount -a 可以将fstab里的信息挂载。

放入/etc/rc.local 实现自动挂载但不推荐。

/sbin/mount -t xfs /dev/sdb2 /opt

查看：

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 19G 1.9G 18G 10% /

devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev

tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run

tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sdb2 97M 5.3M 92M 6% /opt

/dev/sda1 253M 136M 118M 54% /boot

tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0

tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/1000

[root@oldboyedu ~]# df -i

Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 9960960 74572 9886388 1% /

devtmpfs 250820 390 250430 1% /dev

tmpfs 253514 1 253513 1% /dev/shm

tmpfs 253514 724 252790 1% /run

tmpfs 253514 16 253498 1% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sdb2 51200 4 51196 1% /opt

/dev/sda1 131072 332 130740 1% /boot

tmpfs 253514 1 253513 1% /run/user/0

tmpfs 253514 1 253513 1% /run/user/1000

[root@oldboyedu ~]# blkid

/dev/sdb1: UUID="a45b004f-2322-4dc4-a281-2a212dd2ab79" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb2: UUID="7daf8142-b641-4b60-a287-4e08dfa18611" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda1: UUID="fd2e0ca7-32be-425f-86a2-85c02b9ec5ea" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda2: UUID="79a3924b-739e-48dc-ab0c-0444b9ac6591" TYPE="swap"

/dev/sda3: UUID="3a3a295f-88f8-456d-94dc-1a3eeb517c02" TYPE="xfs"

查看文件系统内部细节：

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 #查看ext文件系统内部细节

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1|egrep -i "size"

dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize

Block size: 1024

Fragment size: 1024

Group descriptor size: 64

Flex block group size: 16

Inode size: 128

Journal size: 4096k

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_

xfs_admin xfs_db xfs_fsr xfs_io xfs_metadump xfs_quota

xfs_bmap xfs_estimate xfs_growfs xfs_logprint xfs_mkfile xfs_repair

xfs_copy xfs_freeze xfs_info xfs_mdrestore xfs_ncheck xfs_rtcp

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_info /dev/sda1

meta-data=/dev/sda1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=16384 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=65536, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1

log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck

fsck fsck.btrfs fsck.cramfs fsck.ext2 fsck.ext3 fsck.ext4 fsck.minix fsck.xfs

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck

fsck 磁盘检查和修复

1、正常的磁盘不能操作。

2、卸载挂载点在操作

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck -a /dev/sdb1

fsck from util-linux 2.23.2

/dev/sdb1: clean, 12/25688 files, 8896/102400 blocks

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck -a /dev/sdb1

fsck from util-linux 2.23.2

/dev/sdb1 is mounted.

e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# e2fsck /dev/sdb1

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

/dev/sdb1: clean, 12/25688 files, 8896/102400 blocks

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fsck -a /dev/sdb1

fsck from util-linux 2.23.2

/dev/sdb1: clean, 12/25688 files, 8896/102400 blocks

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sdb2

xfs_repair: /dev/sdb2 contains a mounted filesystem

xfs_repair: /dev/sdb2 contains a mounted and writable filesystem

fatal error -- couldn't initialize XFS library

[root@oldboyedu ~]# umount /opt

[root@oldboyedu ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sdb2

Phase 1 - find and verify superblock...

Phase 2 - using internal log

- zero log...

- scan filesystem freespace and inode maps...

- found root inode chunk

Phase 3 - for each AG...

- scan and clear agi unlinked lists...

- process known inodes and perform inode discovery...

- agno = 0

- agno = 1

- agno = 2

- agno = 3

- process newly discovered inodes...

Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks...

- setting up duplicate extent list...

- check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks...

- agno = 0

- agno = 1

- agno = 2

- agno = 3

Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees...

- reset superblock...

Phase 6 - check inode connectivity...

- resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes

- traversing filesystem ...

- traversal finished ...

- moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ...

Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts...

done

==============================指定块大小和inode大小格式===========================================

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkfs -t ext4 -b 4096 -I 512 /dev/sdb3

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

38400 inodes, 38400 blocks

1920 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=39845888

2 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

19200 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@oldboyedu ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb3|egrep -i "size"

dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Group descriptor size: 64

Flex block group size: 16

Inode size: 512

Required extra isize: 28

Desired extra isize: 28

Journal size: 16M

文件删除原理

no space left on device.

swap作用，内存不够时候，用来充当内存，一般内存1.5倍。大于8G给8G

将来JAVA服务，内存泄漏。。。

swap就会占用。。。操作系统性能下降

[root@oldboyedu ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available

Mem: 1980 143 1689 9 146 1671

Swap: 767 0 767

增加swap分区 100M

[root@oldboyedu ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

e extended

Select (default e): p

Selected partition 4

First sector (718848-2097151, default 718848):

Using default value 718848

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (718848-2097151, default 2097151): +150M

Partition 4 of type Linux and of size 150 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000006b6

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux

/dev/sdb3 411648 718847 153600 83 Linux

/dev/sdb4 718848 1026047 153600 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at

the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)

Syncing disks.

[root@oldboyedu ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb

[root@oldboyedu ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb4

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 153596 KiB

no label, UUID=2d1ac352-4cc0-4727-8318-5526a3c309c2

[root@oldboyedu ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdb4

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@oldboyedu ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available

Mem: 1980 144 1673 19 162 1658

Swap: 917 0 917

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