通过gradle -q [项目名]:dependencies
命令查看依赖树,可以比较直观的看到冲突。Gradle 可以通过分析该依赖树获取所有依赖以及依赖的依赖和依赖的依赖的依赖,为了更加直观的表述,可以通过下面的输出结果了解。
+--- org.springframework:spring-web:4.3.4.RELEASE
| | +--- org.springframework:spring-aop:4.3.4.RELEASE
| | +--- org.springframework:spring-beans:4.3.4.RELEASE
| | +--- org.springframework:spring-context:4.3.4.RELEASE
| | \--- org.springframework:spring-core:4.3.4.RELEASE
+--- org.springframework:spring-aop:4.5
可以看到,我们的项目依赖了spring-web
,然而spirng-web
却依赖了一众spring的全家桶,借助Gradle的传递性依赖特性,你无需再你的脚本中把这些依赖都声明一遍,你只需要简单的一行,Gradle便会帮你将传递性依赖一起下载下来。
但是我在项目中显式声明了spring-aop:4.5
,而spring-web
又带来的spring-aop:4.3.4.RELEASE
,那么就会造成项目中的依赖冲突,启动报错。
下面通过分析如下案例来说明如何解决依赖冲突:
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
运行gradle dependencies的结果如下,可以看到每个包的依赖项都被递归分析并添加进来。
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
| +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
| \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
+--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
+--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
+--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
+--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
\--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
Transitive
Transitive用于自动处理子依赖项,默认为true,gradle自动添加子依赖项,形成一个多层树形结构;设置为false,则需要手动添加每个依赖项。
【统一指定transitive】
可以给dependencies统一指定transitive为false,再次执行dependencies可以看到如下结果。
configurations.all {
transitive = false
}
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
但是这样的话这三个jar包所依赖的jar包就要手动添加进来,否则运行就会报错,这三个jar包中的某些类和方法无法找到。
【单独指定依赖项的transitive】
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1') {
transitive = false
}
}
Force
有时候你可能仅仅是需要强制使用某个统一的依赖版本,而不是排除他们,那么此时force就该登场了。force强制设置某个模块的版本。
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy {
force 'org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.3'
}
}
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
可以看到,原本对hamcrest-core 1.1的依赖,全部变成了1.3。
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
| +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
| +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
| \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
+--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
+--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
+--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
+--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
\--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
Exclude
有些时候你可能需要排除一些传递性依赖中的某个模块,此时便不能靠单纯的关闭依赖传递特性来解决了。这时exclude就该登场了,如果说Transitive彻底的解决了传递问题,那么exclude则是部分解决了传递问题。Exclude可以设置不编译指定的模块。
configurations {
all*.exclude group: 'org.hamcrest', module: 'hamcrest-core'
}
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
| +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
| +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
| \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
+--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
+--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
+--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
【单独使用group或module参数】
exclude后的参数有group和module,可以分别单独使用,会排除所有匹配项。例如下面的脚本匹配了所有的group为’com.android.support.test’的模块。
configurations {
all*.exclude group: 'com.android.support.test'
}
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
+--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
+--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
| \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
+--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
+--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
+--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
\--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
【单独给某个模块指定exclude】
dependencies {
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1') {
exclude group: 'org.hamcrest'
}
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
| +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
| \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
+--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
+--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
+--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
【重要说明】
使用exclude排除依赖的时候只能排除jar包下面的直接依赖,而不能跨级排除,否则排除是不生效的。如案例中,我想要排除com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
下的com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
:
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
| +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
| | \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
| +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
| \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
如果我像下面这样写是无法排除该jar包的:
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'){
exclude group: 'support-annotations'
}
依赖的结果仍然是上面的依赖树。这样的情况下只能逐级排除:
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'){
exclude group: 'exposed-instrumentation-api-publish'
}
androidTestCompile(' com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2'){
exclude group: 'support-annotations'
}
因为我们排除了com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
所要依赖的exposed-instrumentation-api-publish
,所以我们后面还得手工添加进来,并在exposed-instrumentation-api-publish
排除掉support-annotations
依赖。