一、什么是句子成分
1、主干成分
① 主语
② 谓语
③ 宾语
④ 表语
⑤ 宾补
2、修饰成分
① 定语
② 状语
③ 同位语
二、句子的主干成分
（一）主语
1、什么是主语
主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所诉说的主体，一般位于句首（或谓语动词前）
① 主语是谓语动作的发出者（主动语态）
The man is cutting tree.
② 主语是谓语动作的承受者（被动语态）
The tree is being cut.
2、什么可以做主语
① 单词：名词，代词，数词
② 短语：动名词，动词不定式
③ 从句：主语从句
例：
① Little streams feed big rivers.（名词）
② You are not far wrong.（代词）
③ Three is enough.（数词）
④ To find a way out comes as the priority.（动词不定式）
⑤ Smoking hurts our health.（动名词）
⑥ What a company focuses on is the working abilities.（主语从句）
（二）谓语
1、什么是谓语
谓语，也叫谓语动词，表示动作或状态，一般在主语之后
2、什么可以做谓语
动词，且仅能是动词
因此，谓语部分必须体现 “ 三态 ” ，即时态，语态，情态
换句话说，做句子分析时，确定谓语的方式是，找到能体现 “ 三态 ” 的部分就是谓语
练：......keeping......keeps......are keeping......kept......must keep......to keep
The issue of keeping fit keeps the focus among the young and they are keeping exercise everyday in different fitness rooms kept by the rich , and the bosses of fitness rooms must keep their eqiupment advanced and attractive , in order to keep their customers satisfied.
例：
① Nothing happened. 一般过去时，主动语态，无情态
② I doubt it. 一般现在时，主动语态，无情态
③ Three is enough. 一般现在时，主动语态，无情态
④ I am reading. 现在进行时，主动语态，无情态
⑤ She has moved to France. 现在完成时，主动语态，无情态
⑥ We were beaten by their team. 一般过去时，被动语态，无情态
⑦ The books have been translated into English. 现在完成时，被动语态，无情态
⑧ I don't know. 一般现在时，主动语态，情态动词表否定
⑨ The sun must rise. 一般现在时，主动语态，must情态动词表确定
（三）宾语
1、什么是宾语
宾语主语充当动作的承受者，因此一般谓语及物动词之后
重要补充：
1）某些不及物动词之后加上介词，构成固定的动词短语，则可以接宾语，如：
thank of 考虑，想起 listen to 听 insist on 坚持 persist in 坚持 yearn for 渴望 aim at 旨在 look for 寻找 abide by 遵守 agree with 同意 account for 说明，导致 pay for 赔偿 take care of 照顾，照料
2）某些形容词化的动词形式，也可以接宾语，如：
① be sure that... ：确定...
例：I am sure that you are right.
② be concerned that... ：担心，担忧
例：Parents are concerned that violent video games may negatively influence their children.
③ be worried that... ：担心
例：Undergaduate students are worried that they can not find a job easily.
3）某些动词需要接双宾，如：
bring , buy , deny , do , fetch , find , get , five , hand , keep , leave , lend , make , offer , owe , sells , send , show , take , teach , tell , throw , write等
例：He gave me a book yesterday.
= He gave a book to me yesterday.
= I was given a book by him yesterday.
= A book was given to me by him yesterday.
2、什么可以做宾语
① 单词：名词，代词，数词
② 短语：动名词，动词不定式
③ 从句：宾语从句
例：
① Little streams feed big rivers. （名词）
② They won't hurt us.（代词）
③ If you and 5 to 5, you get 10.（数词）
④ That means to leave home.（动词不定式）
⑤ He stopped smoking last week.（动名词）
⑥ I wonder how old he is.（宾语从句）
（四）表语
1、什么是表语
表语是以表述主语的特征，状态，身份等的成分；也可称之为“主语补足语（主补）
表语位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构
复习系动词分类：
- be 动词：am , is , are , was , were
- 感官动词：look , small , sound , taste , feel
- 表示保持：keep , stay , remain
- 表示变化：become , turn , run , get
- 表示表象：seem ( to be ) , appear ( to be )
- 表示结果：prove ( to be )
2、什么可以做表语
① 单词：名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词
② 短语：动名词，动词不定式，介词短语
③ 从句：表语从句
例：
① It is a pity. （名词）
② The reason must be that.（代词）
③ We are seven.（数词）
④ You are not far wrong.（形容词）
⑤ The river ran dry.（形容词）
⑥ Game is over.（副词）
⑦ To have knowledge is to know the true from the false.（动词不定式）
⑧ Complimenting is lying.（动名词）
⑨ She is in good health.（介词短语）
⑩ This is where I first met him.（表语从句）
（五）宾补
1、什么是宾补
宾补即宾语补足语，是一种补足宾语意义的句子成分
重要补充：
考研中，最常见需要接宾补的动词为make，其次为 find，call，have 等
We make him our monitor.
He makes us happy.
He makes us love English.
sth. makes it possible to do sth.（it = to do sth. 形式宾语）
例：The advancement of IT in the field of science has made it a reality for average readers to access to the results of scientific researches.（it = to access to the results of scientific researches)
2、什么可以做宾补
① 单词：名词，形容词
② 短语：动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词，介词短语
例：
① They named the child Jimmy.（名词）
② I found the book interesting.（形容词）
③ He wants us to show up.（不定式）
④ I have guest coming.（现在分词）
⑤ I have my hair cut.（过去分词）
⑥ I found everything in good condition.（介词短语）
⑦ Don't take his kindness for granted.（形容词）
固定搭配：take sth. for granted 认为某事理所当然
