LECTURE 1 & 2 Orgnization一.What is an organization?Define（1）Katz and Kahn (1966):组织是一种通过群体高效的完成某种既定目标的社会工具An organization is a "social device for efficiently accomplishing through group means some stated purpose".（2）Robbins et al., 1998, p. 5组织是“由两个或及其以上的人组成的有意识的协同合作的单位，在相对连续的基础上发挥作用以实现一个共同的目标或一系列的目标”。An organization is a “consciously coordinated unit composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals". （3）汤普森和麦克休，1995年，第3页，组织是“有意识地创造的安排，以集体的方式实现目标”。Thompson & McHugh, 1995, p. 3 An organization is a “Consciously created arrangements to achieve goals by collective means”.Katz and Kahn (1966):（1）组织是一种通过群体高效的完成某种既定目标的社会工具An organization is a "social device for efficiently accomplishing through group means some stated purpose".（2）组织是通过角色、规范和价值观来协调人们行为的社会系统。An organisation is a social system that coordinates people’s behavior by means of roles, norms and values.（3）角色：与任务规范相关的特定行为形式。规范：一般期望或与角色相关的处方。价值观：指导行为和组织活动的高阶原则。Roles: Specific forms of behavior related to task Norms: General expectations or prescriptions associated with roles. Values: Higher order principles intended to guide behavior and organisational activity.二．What organizational psychology1.Dual nature (science and profession):（1）组织心理学是人在工作中行为的科学（改善工作场所和工作生活的心理学研究与使用）。Organisational psychology is the science of human behaviour at work (The study and use of psychology for improving the workplace and work lives).（2）Main focus:组织效率Efficiency/productivity of organisations员工的健康和幸福Health/well-being of employees2.Why organisational psychology and how is it unique?• 用简单的话说，组织心理学是研究与组织中的成员（尤其是他们工作的组织）相关的心理过程和状态的学科。In very simple terms organisational psychology is the study of mental processes and states that are associated with people's membership in organizations — particularly those in which they work. • 组织心理学研究了个人和群体的行为，并从一些角度探讨了两者之间的相互作用It examines both individual and group behaviour and some perspectives address the interaction between the two. • 组织心理学对其他学科的影响重大，因为它可以解释行为发生的原因和方式。The power of organisational psychology over other disciplines is that it moves beyond description because it is possible to explain why and how behaviour occurs. • 组织心理学家也使用科学方法作为调查的基础，以便通过实验过程测试和完善理论。Organisational psychologists also uses the scientific method as the basis of inquiry so the theories can be tested and refined through the experimental process.3.The scientific process is where there is:• 识别问题identification of a problem • 形成假设the development of hypotheses • 选择实验设计choosing an experimental design • 收集数据collection of data • 统计分析statistical analysis of data • 解释结果得出结论interpretation of results and the drawing of conclusions三．What do organisational psychologists do? How do I become one?1.组织心理学家的主要职能The main functions of organizational psychologists are as follows:• 为组织招聘和筛选员工Recruitment and selection of staff to organisations(often involves the use of psychological tests or the development of assessment centres) • 工作分析Job analysis (examine a job in the organisation to determine the skills required to perform the job successfully) •工作评估Job evaluation (determine salary) •工作设计Job design and redesign •认为因素Human factors •绩效分析Performance evaluation •职业培训和职业发展Job training and career development •员工态度和组织文化的调查Staff attitude and organisational culture surveys, • 组织发展和管理变革Organisational development and managing change2.员工培训Employee Training ——确定培训需要Identify training needs ——促进对工作知识和行为的学习Facilitate learning of job knowledge and behaviour3.组织发展Organisational development ——准备和促进变革Plan and facilitate change
