SECTION Ⅱ
I. 插入语
(1) 主句中
Nuclear fission, `it has been claimed`, will be a cheap, clean and almost inexhaustible source of power.
(2) 从句中
Ohm’s law has a few forms which `it will be found` are very useful.
(3) say=let us say
Well-grounded students can absorb Chapters 4 and 5 in `say` three weeks.
A resistor of `say` 100 ohms may be connected across the capacitor.
II. 否定Negation
1. 部分否定Partial negation
all [both, every] + not
2. 全否定Full negation
no [none of the …, neither ]+ n.
(E/C) Both books are not suitable.
(C/E) 这两台设备的质量都不好。
E/C
1. This equipment, `it is said`, was commercially available three years ago.
2. A resistor of `say` 100 ohms should be used here.
3. `Neither of the` two conditions is satisfied .
4. `All the` computers in our laboratory are not very good in quality .
5. The students are familiar with `none of these` parameters .
Ⅲ. 比较Comparison
(1) “…得多”
> much/far/considerably/significantly + comparative degree
公式（8-10）所包含的内容不仅仅只是增益如何饱和的描述
Equation (8-10) contains `much more` than a mere description of how the gain saturates（增益饱和）.
实际预测必须考虑更多的气候因素。
The real forecast must take into account `far more` climate factors.
(2) “越来越…”
> ever + ~er
Computers are becoming `ever smaller`.
> increasingly + positive degree
Electronic devices are getting `increasingly complicated`.
(3) “…达（到）”
> as + adj. + as + quantity
That cable is as long as three kilometers.
Efficiencies of as much as 99% are achieved in large transformers。
月亮离地球的距离远达24万英里。
(4) The ways to express the idea of “… 越…, 就越…”
物体运动的越快，其具有的动能越大。
The faster the body moves, the greater kinetic energy it will possess.
E/C
1. Macros have `far fewer` uses in C++ .
2. `The greater` the resistance, `the longer` time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.
(…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)
3. Of all the instruments in this laboratory, this one is the lowest in price […, this one is the cheapest] .
4. The current `as small as` 0.1 A is too small to produce enough heat .
SECTION Ⅲ
1. 不定式infinitive
1. “It” 做形式主语
① It is possible to…
It is necessary to…
It is a simple matter to…
② It will do you good to…
It makes sense to
③ It suffices to…
It remains to…
④ It is desired to…
It is left to sb. to…
如果想要求出这个电阻上的电压，我们必须首先知道流过它的电流。
If `it is desired to` find out the voltage across this resistor, we must first know the current flowing through it.
2. 不定式作定语 attributive
R是所要测定的电阻。
R is the resistance `to be measured`.
有许多问题要我们考虑。
There are many problems `for us to consider`.
这里有许多种类型的万用表供你选用。
Here are many types of multimeters `for you to choose from`.
3. 复合不定式Complex infinitive�
> `for + n. or pron. + to do`
我们必须详细地研究这种材料的性质。
It is necessary for us to study the properties of this material in detail.
阳光到达地球需要大约八分钟的时间。
It takes about eight minutes for sunlight to reach the earth.
> `For … to do…` 为了使…(能)…
为了使该计算机能够正常工作，外加电压必须合适。
`For the computer to work/ operate /function normally`, the applied voltage must be proper/ appropriate.
A number of basic problems must be overcome `for a nuclear reactor to operate properly`.
4. 名词性不定式Nominal infinitive
> 疑问词 (what \ when \ which\ where\ whom\ whether\ how) + 不定式
This book presents the necessary business and managerial perspectives on `why`, `when`, `and how to implement` these controls.
`如何测定原子的重量和体积`是我们很多人感兴趣的一个问题。
`How to determine the weight and size of an atom` is a question interesting to many of us.
必须作出决定`到底选用哪一项`。
The decision on `which term to choose` must be made.
读者可能不知道`该首先做这些运算中的哪一个`。
The reader may have no idea `which of these operations to do first`.
我们得求出`使x为多大`才能使这个等式成立。
We have to find out `how large to make x` for this equation to hold.
Ex5
1. 要执行的程序贮存在这一单元中。
The program `to be executed` is stored in this unit.
2. 这山谷被用来作为建坝的基础。
This valley is used as the foundation `on which to build the dam`.
3. 目标越远，回波返回所需的时间就越长。
The farther away the target (is), the longer it takes `for the echo to return`.
4. 电容器贮存电荷的能力受几个因素的影响。
The ability `of a capacitor to store a charge` is affected/influenced by a few factors.
II. 分词
1. 作定语 attribute
Copper is a widely `used` conductor. 铜是广泛使用的导体。
A capacitor is a device `consisting` of two conductors separated by a non-conductor.
Yellow `added` to blue produces white light.
A lamp `connected` across a dry cell is an example of a simple electric circuit.
2. 作状语，表达条件、时间、原因和附加说明
`Given` current and resistance, we can find out voltage. 若已知电流和电阻，我们就能求出电压来。
`Being` a good conductor of electricity, copper is widely used in electrical engineering. 由于铜是一种良导体，所以被广泛地用在电气工程中。
`Recognizing` the importance of the ozone layer to life on the earth, these industrial nations committed to take some effective measures.
Silver is the best conductor, `followed` by copper.
Ex5
5. 在这种情况下，电子具有的能量就更大，从而增强了光点的亮度。
In this case, electrons will possess greater energy , (thus) `increasing` the brightness of the spot.
6. 求出这些符号的可能值就称为解方程。
`Finding` the possible values of these symbols is called `solving` the equation.
7. 自动化并不是机械代替人的问题。
Automation is not a question of machines `replacing` man.
III. With结构
让我们以原点为圆心，做一个半径为r的半圆。
Let us draw a semi-circle of radius r, `with the origin as its center`.
应在Ep接地的情况下测量这个电流增益。
This current should be measured `with Ep grounded`.
> 功能 :时间, 条件 , 原因 , 附加说明 , 结果…
由于存在摩擦，一部分功率作为热而损失掉了。�
`With friction present`, a part of power has been lost as heat.�
在设计因特网时，并没有考虑安全问题。
The Internet was designed `without security problems in mind`.�
既讲了实际 的设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，重点放在一般概念上。
Both practical design techniques and theoretical problems are covered `with emphasis on general concepts`.
变压器是由绕在铁芯上的两个或多个线圈构成的一种装置。
A transformer is a device `consisting` of two or more coils wound on the iron core.
这本书如果使用得当，对读者是很有帮助的。
This book, properly `used`, is of great help to the reader.
若已知时间和速度，我们就能求出距离来。
`Given` time and speed, we can find out distance
在设计这些集成电路时只考虑一两种用途。
These integrated circuits were designed `with` only one or two uses in mind.
圆心在原点，半径为a的圆的方程为x2＋y2=a2
The equation `to` the circle with the center at the origin and of radius a is x2＋y2=a2 .
IV. 动名词gerund
by ~ing … through…通过做某事
on (upon) ~ing… as soon as 一旦…
soon after 一…就…
in ~ing… during the time when
in the course of
in the aspect of
我们可以通过用丝绸摩擦(rub)玻璃棒(glass rod)得到相同的结果。
We get the same results `by rubbing` a glass rod with silk.
在使用上面的等式时，必须注意符号。
`In using` the equation above, attention must be paid to the sign.
一旦把这些数值代入该方程后，人们发现无线电波的速度与光速一样大。
`Upon substituting` these values into the equation, it was found that the velocity of radio waves is as great as that of light.
