后梁

后梁(907年—923年)是五代十国中五代的第一个朝代,其建立者是朱温(又名朱全忠,唐僖宗赐名),公元907年,他通过唐哀帝李柷禅让建国。后派人杀死李柷。在禅让中,帮助朱全忠操刀的手下将领朱友恭、氏叔琮、蒋玄晖、柳璨后来也被杀死,以达到遮人耳目、转移视听的目的。


唐朝中晚期有三个显著特点,一是藩镇割据,藩镇长官即为节度使,各藩镇之间经常互相混战,唐朝皇帝的政令不出长安门;二是朋党之争,唐朝廷各官僚集团互相争斗,置国家于脑后;三是宦官专权,宦官专权几乎贯穿了唐朝的中后期,一批批的宦官逼宫弑帝,专权横行,无恶不作。但唐末宦官基本上被诛杀殆尽。


朱温(即朱全忠)少时家贫,父亲去世后随母亲和两个哥哥在刘崇家寄住生活,875年参加王仙芝、黄巢的农民起义军,因作战英勇很快升为大将军。后投降唐朝,与河东李克用联合镇压黄巢起义军,因战功卓著被封为宣武节度使,逐渐形成了以河南为中心的唐末最大割据势力。另一个割据势力为河东李克用,朱全忠与李克用长期互相敌视,成为争夺天下的最大对手。时有“南有朱全忠,北有李克用”之称。


宣武军辖区坐落中原腹地,周围强潘云集,北边儿是魏博乐彦祯,东边是天平朱瑄,泰宁齐克让,感化时溥,西边是河中王重荣,南边儿还有个忠武军周岌,标准的四战之地。其中秦宗权对朱全忠威胁最大,双方进行了多年的争斗。884年,秦宗权据蔡州称帝。887年,朱全忠联合四镇兵力,屡败秦宗权,889年斩秦宗权。


901年,朱全忠率军进入关中,控制了唐朝政权。904年,朱全忠逼迫唐昭宗李晔迁往洛阳,不久将昭宗杀死,改立唐昭宗之子李柷,是为唐哀帝。905年,朱全忠为清除忠于唐朝的势力,以便自己日后建立新王朝,在滑州白马驿一夕间杀死裴枢为首的被贬大臣约三十余人,并就地抛尸黄河,这就是震惊的“白马驿之祸”。


朱全忠称帝的第二年(908年),李克用病死,其子李存勖继承王位,他着手整顿松弛的军纪,发展农业生产,减轻赋税,优抚孤寡,稳定内部秩序,选用人才,整军备战,使河东境内面貌焕然一新。继续与朱梁争战。朱全忠曾经感叹地说:“生子当如李亚子,我子豚犬耳!”亚子是李存勖的小字。


在南方,杨行密(五代十国中十国的吴国的奠基人)逐渐从一名小校成长为一方割据势力,令朱全忠感到不安,他多次发动对淮南杨行密的战争,均告失败。甚至杨行密和朱全忠均去世后,朱全忠之子朱友贞再次发动征讨淮南战役也均告失败。


朱温特别珍爱人才,而且他这种求贤若渴的心态非常急切,但这只是他驾驭群臣独特的方式。朱全忠非常好色,超过了一般帝王的水平。其手下大臣的妻子和女儿不能幸免,甚至连自己的几个儿媳也要宠幸,这为朱全忠与诸位皇子之间的矛盾播下了种子。朱全忠晚年性情暴戾,动不动就杀自己身边的侍者和宫女,有时朝中大臣也是如此。


912年,反复折磨朱全忠的疾病加重,他疑心很重,对谁都不放心,所以没有早立储君。朱全忠有八个儿子,五个侄子。在十三个子侄辈中,优秀能干的长子朱友裕,侄子朱友宁、朱友伦都死了,其余四个皇子还很年幼,只有排行第二的干儿子朱友文,朱全忠很是疼爱,于是便有意将皇位传给他。当时朱友文在东都汴梁(后梁首都已迁到洛阳)。这引起了朱全忠的第三子朱友珪的不满,但朱友珪乃是朱全忠和一名妓女所生,令朱全忠不喜。然而朱友珪野心很大,他发动政变杀死朱全忠,又矫诏杀死朱友文,自己当上了皇帝。


朱友珪弑父篡位,引起了朱晃诸子的气愤与不满。朝臣就连宰相敬翔也不帮助他,明眼人都知道朱友珪最终必然会失败。朱全忠的第四子朱友贞也想夺取皇位,他得到了大将杨师厚和国戚赵岩、袁象先的支持,朱友贞掌握了龙骧军的兵权后,马上派人密告赵岩、袁象先,于是赵、袁等人率禁军突入宫中,朱友珪自杀,然后拥立朱友贞在汴梁称帝,即梁末帝。


经过多次宫廷政变,后梁皇室内部矛盾也逐渐激化,拥立朱友贞称帝的有功之臣也横行不法,朝纲日益混乱。朱全忠取代李唐之后,河东李克用父子一直不承认朱梁政权,他们仍然沿用李唐昭宗的天佑年号。在诸侯纷纷称帝的环境下,李存勖也萌生了这个念头。但他很清醒地认识到,必须消灭朱梁后,才能以唐朝的正统继承人称帝。在此之前,李存勖与朱友贞打仗打了六个年头,为了便于指挥这场战争,他将政治中心从晋阳迁到魏州(今河北省邯郸市大名县)。


923年,李存勖正式称帝,国号唐,史称后唐,李存勖就是唐庄宗。李存勖发兵攻打后梁,其军队进逼后梁都城汴梁,后梁军队节节溃败,同年11月19日,李存勖手下大将李嗣源攻进汴梁,梁末帝自杀,后梁亡。


后梁疆域是五代中最小的,北部约以黄河为界,东至大海,南抵秦岭淮河,西至关中,但疆界不稳,战乱频繁。

The Later Liang (907-923) was the first ofthe five dynasties and ten loyal dynasties. It was founded by Zhu Wen (alsoknown as Zhu Quanzhong, given by Tang Xizong). In 907, he founded the countryby Chuk through Tang Ai Emperor Li Xizong. Li Chuk was killed by Chuk. Duringthe abjuration, Zhu Yougong, Shi Shucong, Jiang Xuanhui and Liu Can, thegenerals who helped Zhu Quanzhong with his sword, were also killed in order todistract the public.




There were three distinctive features inthe middle and late Tang Dynasty. First, vassal towns were divided, and theofficials of vassal towns were the mission ambassadors. All vassal towns oftenfought with each other, and the government orders of Tang emperors did not goout of Chang 'an Gate. Second, the conflict between the parties, thebureaucratic groups of the Tang court fought with each other, ignoring the state;Third, the eunuch power, eunuch power almost throughout the middle and laterperiod of the Tang Dynasty, batches of eunuchs forced the palace to kill theemperor, arbitrary power rampant, do evil. But at the end of the Tang Dynasty,the eunuchs were almost completely killed.




Zhu Wen (also known as Zhu Quanzhong) waspoor when he was young. After his father died, he lived with his mother and twoelder brothers in Liu Chong's family. In 875, he joined the peasant rebel armyof Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao. After the surrender to the Tang Dynasty, he andHedong Li Keyong jointly suppressed the Huang Chao rebels, because of hisoutstanding achievements in battle, he was named Xuanwu mission, and graduallyformed the biggest separatist force in the late Tang Dynasty with Henan as thecenter. The other separatist force was Likerong of Hedong. Zhu Quanzhong andLikerong had long been hostile to each other and became the biggest rival forthe world. There is "Zhu Quanzhong in the south, and Li Keyong in the north"said.




Xuanwujun area is located in the hinterlandof the Central Plains, around the strong Pan gathered, the north side is WeiBile Yanzhen, the east is Tianping Zhu Xuan, Taining Qi Keren, influence whenPu, the west is the river Wang Chongrong, the south side is a loyal army weekcollection, the standard of the four battles. Among them, Qin Zongquan was themost threatening to Zhu Quanzhong, and the two sides fought for many years. In884, Qin Zongquan proclaimed himself emperor of Caizhou. In 887, Zhu Quanzhongcombined the forces of the four towns, repeatedly defeated Qin Zongquan, QinZongquan was beheaded in 889.




In 901, Zhu Quanzhong led an army intoGuanzhong and took control of the Tang regime. In 904, Zhu Quanzhong forced LiYe, the son of Tang Zhaozong, to move to Luoyang. Soon after, he killed him andinstalled Li Chuk, the son of Tang Zhaozong, as Emperor Ai. In 905, ZhuQuanzhong, in order to clear out the forces loyal to the Tang Dynasty, so thathe could establish a new dynasty in the future, killed about 30 exiledministers headed by Pei Shu in the evening of Baima Post in Slippery state, andthrew their bodies into the Yellow River on the spot, which was shocked"the disaster of Baima Post".




In the second year of Zhu Quanzhong's reignas Emperor (908), Li Kelong died of illness and his son Li Cunxu ascended thethrone. He began to rectify the relaxed military discipline, promoteagricultural production, reduce taxes, relieve the orphans, stabilize theinternal order, choose talents, prepare the army for war, and bring a new lookto the east of Hedong. The war against Zhu and Liang continued. Zhu Quanzhongonce sighed and said: "The son should be like Li Ya Zi, my son dolphin dogears!" Ya Zi is Li CunXu, its little character.




In the south, Yang Xingmi (the founder ofthe State of Wu in the Five Dynasties and ten States) gradually grew from asmall school into a separatist force, which disturbed Zhu Quanzhong. Helaunched several unsuccessful wars against Yang Xingmi in Huainan. Even afterthe death of both Yang Xingmi and Zhu Quanzhong, Zhu Youzhen, the son of ZhuQuanzhong, launched another campaign against Huainan and failed.




Zhu Wen especially cherished talents, andhis eagerness for them was very urgent, but this was just his unique way ofcontrolling his ministers. Zhu Quanzhong was very lustful, beyond the level ofordinary emperors. The WIVES AND DAUGHTERS of HIS MINISTERS WERE NOT SPARED,and EVEN some of his own DAUGHterS-IN-LAW WERE FAVORED. This sowed the seeds ofconflict between Zhu Quanzhong and his princes. In his later years, ZhuQuanzhong was a violent man who would often kill his attendants and maids ofhonor, sometimes even officials in the court.




In 912, Zhu Quanzhong's illness, which hadrepeatedly afflicted him, worsened. He was very suspicious and could not trustanyone, so he did not appoint Chu Jun early. Zhu had eight sons and fivenephews. Among the thirteen nephews, Zhu Youyu, the eldest son of outstandingability, Zhu Youning, Zhu Youlun are dead, the other four princes are stillvery young, only the second son Zhu Youwen, Zhu Quanzhong is very fond of, soit is intended to pass the throne to him. At that time Zhu Youwen was in theeastern capital Bianliang (the capital of Later Liang had been moved toLuoyang). This caused the dissatisfaction of Zhu Yougui, Zhu's third son, whowas not pleased with Zhu because he was the son of a prostitute. However, ZhuYougui was very ambitious. He launched a coup and killed Zhu Quanzhong. He alsoordered Zhu Youwen to be killed and became emperor himself.




Zhu Yougui killed his father and usurpedthe throne, which caused the anger and dissatisfaction of Zhu Huang's sons. Thecourtiers, even the prime minister, Jing Xiang, did not help him, and everyoneknew that Zhu Yougui was bound to fail in the end. Zhu Quanzhong zhu zhen, thefourth son of also want to take the throne, he got a general Yang thick andzhao yan, Yuan Xiang support first, zhu zhen master martial army after therelieving, immediately sent someone to inform against zhao yan, Yuan Xiangfirst, then zhao, yuan imperial palace, and et rate zhu yougui suicide, andthen put zhu zhen, in the capital of song dynasty proclaimed himself emperor atthe end of the beam.




After a number of palace coups, theinternal conflicts of the later Liang royal family were gradually intensified,and the meritorious officials who made Zhu Youzhen emperor were also rampantlawless, and the court was increasingly chaotic. After Zhu Quanzhong replacedLi Tang, the Hedong Likyong and his son did not recognize Zhu Liang's regime,and they still used the name of Emperor Zhaozong of Li Tang. While variousvassals proclaimed themselves emperor, Li Cunxu also conceived this idea. Buthe clearly realized that he had to destroy Zhu and Liang before he could claimthe title of emperor as the orthodox successor of the Tang Dynasty. Beforethis, Li Cunxu fought with Zhu Youzhen for six years. In order to conduct thewar, he moved the political center from Jinyang to Wei Zhou (now Daming County,Handan City, Hebei Province).




In 923, Li Cunxu was officially crownedEmperor, the UK was called Tang, known as the Later Tang. Li Cunxu was EmperorZhuang of the Tang. Li Cunxu attacked the Later Liang, and his army marched onthe capital Bianliang, and the army was defeated. On November 19, the sameyear, Li Si-yuan, Li Cunxu's general, entered BianLiang. The emperor committedsuicide and the Later Liang died.




The territory of the Later Liang was thesmallest among the Five Dynasties. It was bounded by the Yellow River in thenorth, the sea in the east, the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in thesouth, and Guanzhong in the west, but the boundary was unstable and wars werefrequent.

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