使用smartctl命令检查磁盘
在TS过程中会碰到很多磁盘异常出现影响系统数据或者生产数据的情况，但是有时候无法判断磁盘出现问题是由于磁盘物理损坏还是磁盘SATA口接触不良导致，这个时候smartctl命令就可以很容易判断出磁盘是否存在物理损坏问题，并且及时作出预警。
使用smartctl进行SMART测试
所有现代硬盘都可通过SMART属性监视其当前状态。这些值提供有关硬盘各种参数的信息，并可提供有关磁盘剩余寿命或任何可能的错误的信息。此外，可以执行各种SMART测试，以确定磁盘上的任何硬件问题。本文介绍如何使用smartctl（Smartmontools）对Linux进行此类测试。
安装Smartmontools
Smartmontools可以使用yum直接安装：
# yum install -y smartmontools
要确保硬盘支持SMART并启用，请使用以下命令（本例中为硬盘/ dev / sda）：
# smartctl -i /dev/sda
smartctl 6.4 2015-06-04 r4109 [x86_64-linux-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-15, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: HGST HUS726030ALE610
Serial Number: N8GH1H5Y
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 244c6d728
Firmware Version: APBDT7JN
User Capacity: 3,000,592,982,016 bytes [3.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-2, ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Wed Oct 11 07:09:17 2017 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
上面的参数中，SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.显示磁盘SMART是支持的，SMART support is: Enabled是可用的
可用测试
SMART根据规格类型和SCSI设备提供两种不同的测试。这些测试中的每一个都可以以两种模式进行：
- 前景模式
- 背景模式
在背景模式下，测试的优先级低，这意味着正常指令继续由硬盘处理。如果硬盘驱动器正忙，则测试暂停，然后以较低的加载速度继续运行，因此不会中断操作。
在前景模式下，所有命令将在测试期间以“检查条件”状态进行应答。因此，仅当不使用硬盘时，才建议使用此模式。
原则上，背景模式是首选模式。
ATA / SCSI测试
短期测试
短期测试的目标是快速识别有缺陷的硬盘驱动器。因此，短测试的最大运行时间为2分钟。测试通过将磁盘划分成三个不同的段来检查磁盘。测试以下几个方面：
- 电气特性：控制器测试自己的电子元件，由于这是每个制造商特有的，因此无法准确解释正在测试的内容。例如，可以想到测试内部RAM，读/写电路或头电子元件。
- 机械特性：要测试的伺服系统和定位机制的确切顺序也是每个制造商特有的。
- 读/校验：它将读取磁盘的某个区域并验证某些数据，读取的区域的大小和位置也是每个制造商特有的。
长期测试
长期测试被设计为生产中的最终测试，与短暂测试相同，有两个差异。
第一个：没有时间限制，并且在读/校验中检查整个磁盘，而不仅仅是一个部分。例如，长期测试可以用于确认短测试的结果。
ATA指定测试
此处列出的所有测试仅适用于ATA硬盘驱动器。
运输测试
可以执行该测试以确定在几分钟内传输硬盘时的损坏。
选择测试
在选定的测试期间，检查指定的逻辑块范围。要扫描的逻辑块以以下格式指定：
# smartctl -t select,10-20 /dev/sda ## LBA 10 to LBA 20（incl.）
# smartctl -t select,10+11 /dev/sda ## LBA 10 to LBA 20（incl.）
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
SPAN STARTING_LBA ENDING_LBA
0 10 20
Drive command "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
也可以有多个范围（最多5个）进行扫描：
# smartctl -t select,0-10 -t select,10-20 /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
SPAN STARTING_LBA ENDING_LBA
0 0 10
1 10 20
Drive command "Execute SMART Selective self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
smartctl的测试程序
在执行测试之前，使用以下命令显示各种测试的持续时间的近似值：
# smartctl -c /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x02) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7d) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Abort Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 48) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x0025) SCT Status supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
以下命令启动所需的测试（在后台模式下）：
# smartctl -t <short|long|conveyance|select> /dev/sda
也可以执行“离线”测试。但是，仅进行标准自检（Short Test）。
示例输出：
# smartctl -t short /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
Please wait 1 minutes for test to complete.
Test will complete after Wed Oct 11 15:40:28 2017
Use smartctl -X to abort test.
要在前台模式下执行测试，必须在命令中添加“-C”。
# smartctl -t <short|long|conveyance|select> -C /dev/sda
查看测试结果
通常，测试结果包含在以下命令的输出中：
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: KINGSTON SV300S37A60G
Serial Number: 50026B724A01E182
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0026b7 24a01e182
Firmware Version: 580ABBF0
User Capacity: 60,022,480,896 bytes [60.0 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ACS-2 revision 3
Local Time is: Wed Oct 11 15:41:49 2017 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x02) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7d) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Abort Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 48) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x0025) SCT Status supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x0032 095 095 050 Old_age Always - 8601004262
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 099 099 003 Pre-fail Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 085 085 000 Old_age Always - 145066815403100
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 120
171 Unknown_Attribute 0x000a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
172 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
174 Unknown_Attribute 0x0030 000 000 000 Old_age Offline - 97
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0000 000 000 000 Old_age Offline - 96
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total 0x000a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x0000 029 041 000 Old_age Offline - 77312098333
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 029 041 000 Old_age Always - 29 (Min/Max 18/41)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001c 102 102 000 Old_age Offline - 8601004262
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0033 099 099 003 Pre-fail Always - 0
201 Soft_Read_Error_Rate 0x001c 102 102 000 Old_age Offline - 8601004262
204 Soft_ECC_Correction 0x001c 102 102 000 Old_age Offline - 8601004262
230 Head_Amplitude 0x0013 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 100
231 Temperature_Celsius 0x0013 091 091 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
233 Media_Wearout_Indicator 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 9261
234 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 14820
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 14820
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 6033
SMART Error Log not supported
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 2 Selective offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 3 Selective offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 4 Selective offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 5 Short offline Completed without error 00% 13403 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 10 Not_testing
2 10 20 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
如果只显示测试结果，也可以使用以下命令：
# smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 2 Selective offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 3 Selective offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 4 Selective offline Completed without error 00% 13404 -
# 5 Short offline Completed without error 00% 13403 -
显示磁盘全部的健康状态
# smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED ##说明自检通过，磁盘健康
查看磁盘错误日志
# smartctl -l error /dev/sdb
Sample Output
smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-32-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 1
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 10042 hours (418 days + 10 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
84 51 00 00 00 00 a0
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 35d+16:09:47.709 IDENTIFY DEVICE
ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 35d+16:09:42.437 IDENTIFY DEVICE
ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 35d+16:09:42.159 IDENTIFY DEVICE
ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08 35d+16:09:42.159 SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]
ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 35d+16:09:42.159 IDENTIFY DEVICE
处理过程
首先通过smartctl -H /dev/sda检查磁盘健康状态，然后smartctl -a /dev/sda查看磁盘详细情况，再对磁盘进行短期测试smartctl -t short /dev/sda，最后查看磁盘测试结果smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda，基本磁盘健康状态就可以定位出来，最后检查磁盘错误日志smartctl -l error /dev/sdb
