HashMap为什么线程不安全

hash碰撞与扩容导致

一直以来都知道HashMap是线程不安全的，但是到底为什么线程不安全，在多线程操作情况下什么时候线程不安全？

让我们先来了解一下HashMap的底层存储结构，HashMap底层是一个Entry数组，一旦发生Hash冲突的的时候，HashMap采用拉链法解决碰撞冲突，Entry内部的变量：

final Object key;

Object value;

Entry next;

int hash;

通过Entry内部的next变量可以知道使用的是链表，这时候我们可以知道，如果多个线程，在某一时刻同时操作HashMap并执行put操作，而有大于两个key的hash值相同，如图中a1、a2，这个时候需要解决碰撞冲突，而解决冲突的办法上面已经说过，对于链表的结构在这里不再赘述，暂且不讨论是从链表头部插入还是从尾部初入，这个时候两个线程如果恰好都取到了对应位置的头结点e1，而最终的结果可想而知，a1、a2两个数据中势必会有一个会丢失，如图所示：

再来看下put方法

put方法不是同步的，同时调用了addEntry方法：

addEntry方法依然不是同步的，所以导致了线程不安全出现伤处问题，其他类似操作不再说明，源码一看便知，下面主要说一下另一个非常重要的知识点，同样也是HashMap非线程安全的原因，我们知道在HashMap存在扩容的情况，对应的方法为HashMap中的resize方法：

可以看到扩容方法也不是同步的，通过代码我们知道在扩容过程中，会新生成一个新的容量的数组，然后对原数组的所有键值对重新进行计算和写入新的数组，之后指向新生成的数组。

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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

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</figure>

<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

image

</figure>

<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">

image

</figure>

当多个线程同时检测到总数量超过门限值的时候就会同时调用resize操作，各自生成新的数组并rehash后赋给该map底层的数组table，结果最终只有最后一个线程生成的新数组被赋给table变量，其他线程的均会丢失。而且当某些线程已经完成赋值而其他线程刚开始的时候，就会用已经被赋值的table作为原始数组，这样也会有问题。

//两种方式让hashmap线程安全

1.第一种办法api中已经有指出

如果不存在这样的对象，则应该使用 Collections.synchronizedMap 方法来“包装”该映射。最好在创建时完成这一操作，以防止对映射进行意外的不同步访问，如下所示：

Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(…));

即使用Collections.synchronizedMap()来返回一个新的map，但是这个返回的是不是hashmap，而是一个map的实现

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