（一）任务的具象：Runnable、Callable、FutureTask

这三者可以用任务的生产阶段来区分

FutureTask是一个任务的产成品（一个完整的有生命周期的任务）
Runnable 、Callable 都是一个任务的半成品，最终要包装成一个FutureTask

（二）Callable 包装成 FutureTask

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {
    private Callable<V> callable;//半成品
    private Object outcome;//返回结果
    // 包装一下半成品Callable
    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }
    //最终run方法的实现
    public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    //调用Callable.call()
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                  //返回结果赋值
                   outcome=result;
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }
}

（三）Runnable先适配成Callable，再包装成 FutureTask

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {
 public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
// 将Runnable适配成Callable
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }
}
// Runnable适配Callable的适配器
static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
        final Runnable task;
        final T result;
        RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
            this.task = task;
            this.result = result;
        }
        public T call() {
            task.run();
            return result;
        }
    }

（四）任务异常会导致工作者线程退出吗？

1）FutureTask会消化掉所有异常
2）工作者线程不会由于任务出现异常而退出

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>{
// 执行任务
public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
// 捕捉所有的异常
// 设置任务生命状态为 EXCEPTIONAL
// DONE!
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }
}

（五）FutureTask 的生命周期

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {
    //当前生命状态
    private volatile int state;
    //所有生命周期的阶段
    /*
     * Possible state transitions:
     * NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL
     * NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL
     * NEW -> CANCELLED
     * NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED
     */
    private static final int NEW          = 0;
    private static final int COMPLETING   = 1;
    private static final int NORMAL       = 2;
    private static final int EXCEPTIONAL  = 3;
    private static final int CANCELLED    = 4;
    private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5;
    private static final int INTERRUPTED  = 6;
}

一些生命周期方法

public boolean isDone() {
     return state != NEW;
}
public boolean isCancelled() {
    return state >= CANCELLED;
}
/* 
     * 调用 Future.cancel(false):NEW -> CANCELLED
     * 调用 Future.cancel(true):NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED
     */
public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
        if (!(state == NEW &&
              UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW,
                  mayInterruptIfRunning ? INTERRUPTING : CANCELLED)))
            //状态不为NEW时返回
            return false;
        try {    // in case call to interrupt throws exception
            if (mayInterruptIfRunning) {
                try {
                    Thread t = runner;
                    if (t != null)
                        t.interrupt();
                } finally { // final state
                    UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, INTERRUPTED);
                }
            }
        } finally {
            finishCompletion();
        }
        return true;
}
public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
// 状态必须为NEW才能继续执行      
// ...
}

（五）构造可取消的任务

方法 1）通过捕捉异常而结束任务

1 捕捉线程中断异常：InterruptedException
2 捕捉其他检查异常：SocketExcepton、AsynchronousCloseException等

方法 2）轮询线程的中断状态

当任务没有阻塞方法并且在一个循环体里，可以通过轮询判断线程的中断状态while(!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){...}

方法 3）轮询自定义的boolean标志

当任务没有阻塞方法并且在一个循环体里，可以通过轮询判断自定义的boolean标记