Python爬虫-Scrapy框架之下载器中间件

  说明:下载器中间件是引擎和下载器之间通信的中间件,在这个中间件中,我们可以设置代理、更换请求头等来达到反反爬虫的目的,要写下载器中间件,可以在下载器中实现两个方法,一个是process_request(self,request,spider),这个方法是在请求发送之前会执行,还有一个是process_response(self,request,response,spider),这个方法是数据下载到引擎之前执行。

1、process_request(self,request,spider)

  这个方法是下载器在发送请求之前会执行的,一般可以在这个里面设置随机代理IP等。
  1)参数:
  request:发送请求的request对象;
  spider:发送请求的spider对象。

  2、返回值:
  返回None:如果返回None,Scrapy将继续处理该request,执行其他中间件中的相应方法,直到合适的下载器处理函数被调用;
  返回Response对象:Scrapy将不会调用任何其他的process_request方法,将直接返回这个response对象,已经激活的中间件的process_response()方法则会在每个response返回时被调用;
  返回Request对象:不再使用之前的request对象去下载数据,而是根据现在返回的request对象返回数据;
  如果这个方法抛出了异常,则会调用process_exception方法。

2、process_response(self,request,response,spider)

  这个方法是下载器下载的数据到引擎中间会执行的。
  1)参数:
  request:发送请求的request对象;
  response:发送请求的response对象;
  spider:发送请求的spider对象。

  2)返回值:
  返回Response对象:会将这个新的response对象传给其他中间件,最终传给爬虫;
  返回Request对象:下载器链被切断,返回的request会重新被下载器调度下载;
  如果抛出一个异常,那么调用requesterrback方法,如果没有指定这个方法,那么会抛出一个异常。

3、随机请求头中间件

  爬虫在频繁访问一个页面的时候,这个请求头如果一直保持一致,那么很容易被服务器发现,从而禁止掉这个请求头的访问,因此我们要在访问这个页面之前随机的更改请求头,这样才可以避免爬虫被抓。随机更改请求头,可以在下载中间件中实现。在请求发送给服务器之前,随机的选择一个请求头,这样就可以避免总使用一个请求头了,示例代码如下:
  A)settings.py文件配置:

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 1

DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/81.0.4044.9 Safari/537.36',
}

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'useragentDemo.middlewares.UseragentdemoDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}

  B)start.py文件如下:

from scrapy import cmdline
cmdline.execute("scrapy crawl httpbin".split())

  C)httpbin.py文件如下:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import json

class HttpbinSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'httpbin'
    allowed_domains = ['httpbin.org']
    start_urls = ['http://httpbin.org/user-agent']

    def parse(self, response):
        userAgent = json.loads(response.text)['user-agent']
        print(userAgent)
        yield scrapy.Request(self.start_urls[0], dont_filter=True)

  D)middlewares.py文件如下:

import random

class UseragentdemoDownloaderMiddleware:
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.
    USER_AGENTS = [
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:77.0) Gecko/20190101 Firefox/77.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:77.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/77.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux ppc64le; rv:75.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/75.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:39.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/75.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.10; rv:75.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/75.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux; rv:74.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/74.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.13; rv:61.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/73.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; OpenBSD i386; rv:72.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/72.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:70.0) Gecko/20191022 Firefox/70.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:70.0) Gecko/20190101 Firefox/70.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2919.83 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2866.71 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686 on x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2820.59 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2762.73 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2656.18 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_3) AppleWebKit/537.75.14 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/7.0.3 Safari/7046A194A',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 6_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0 Mobile/10A5355d Safari/8536.25',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8) AppleWebKit/537.13+ (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari/534.57.2',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/534.55.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.3 Safari/534.53.10',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 5_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/534.46 (KHTML, like Gecko ) Version/5.1 Mobile/9B176 Safari/7534.48.3',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; de-at) AppleWebKit/533.21.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.5 Safari/533.21.1',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_7; da-dk) AppleWebKit/533.21.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.5 Safari/533.21.1',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; AS; rv:11.0) like Gecko',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible, MSIE 11, Windows NT 6.3; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.6; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; InfoPath.2; SLCC1; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727) 3gpp-gba UNTRUSTED/1.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 7.0; InfoPath.3; .NET CLR 3.1.40767; Trident/6.0; en-IN)',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/6.0)',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; InfoPath.2; SV1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; WOW64)',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3; Trident/6.0)',
        'Mozilla/4.0 (Compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.2; Trident/6.0)',
        'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)',
        'Mozilla/1.22 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows 3.1)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; WIndows NT 9.0; en-US))',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 7.1; Trident/5.0)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.3; MS-RTC LM 8; Zune 4.7)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.3; MS-RTC LM 8; Zune 4.7',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; Zune 4.0; InfoPath.3; MS-RTC LM 8; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; chromeframe/12.0.742.112)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SLCC2; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; Zune 4.0; Tablet PC 2.0; InfoPath.3; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; yie8)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET4.0C; Tablet PC 2.0)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; FunWebProducts)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; chromeframe/13.0.782.215)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; chromeframe/11.0.696.57)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0) chromeframe/10.0.648.205',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; GTB7.4; InfoPath.1; SV1; .NET CLR 2.8.52393; WOW64; en-US)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/5.0; chromeframe/11.0.696.57)',
        'Mozilla/5\.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; GTB7.4; InfoPath.3; SV1; .NET CLR 3.1.76908; WOW64; en-US)',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.102 Safari/537.36 Edge/18.19582',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.102 Safari/537.36 Edge/18.19577',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (X11) AppleWebKit/62.41 (KHTML, like Gecko) Edge/17.10859 Safari/452.6',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.79 Safari/537.36 Edge/14.14931',
        'Chrome (AppleWebKit/537.1; Chrome50.0; Windows NT 6.3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.79 Safari/537.36 Edge/14.14393',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2486.0 Safari/537.36 Edge/13.9200',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2486.0 Safari/537.36 Edge/13.10586',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.135 Safari/537.36 Edge/12.246',
        'Opera/9.80 (X11; Linux i686; Ubuntu/14.10) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.16.2',
        'Opera/9.80 (X11; Linux i686; Ubuntu/14.10) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.16',
        'Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.14.1) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.16',
        'Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.0) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.14',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0; rv:2.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0 Opera 12.14',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0) Opera 12.14',
        'Opera/12.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en) Presto/2.10.289 Version/12.02',
        'Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; es-ES) Presto/2.9.181 Version/12.00',
        'Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U; zh-sg) Presto/2.9.181 Version/12.00',
        'Opera/12.0(Windows NT 5.2;U;en)Presto/22.9.168 Version/12.00',
        'Opera/12.0(Windows NT 5.1;U;en)Presto/22.9.168 Version/12.00',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/14.0 Opera/12.0',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 4.0.3; ko-kr; LG-L160L Build/IML74K) AppleWebkit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/534.30',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 4.0.3; de-ch; HTC Sensation Build/IML74K) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/534.30',
        'Opera/12.02 (Android 4.1; Linux; Opera Mobi/ADR-1111101157; U; en-US) Presto/2.9.201 Version/12.02',
        'Opera/9.80 (Android 2.3.3; Linux; Opera Mobi/ADR-1111101157; U; es-ES) Presto/2.9.201 Version/11.50',
        'Opera/9.80 (S60; SymbOS; Opera Mobi/SYB-1107071606; U; en) Presto/2.8.149 Version/11.10',
        'Opera/9.80 (Android 2.3.4; Linux; Opera Mobi/build-1107180945; U; en-GB) Presto/2.8.149 Version/11.10',
        'Opera/9.80 (Android 2.2.1; Linux; Opera Mobi/ADR-1107051709; U; pl) Presto/2.8.149 Version/11.10',
        'Opera/9.80 (S60; SymbOS; Opera Mobi/SYB-1104061449; U; da) Presto/2.7.81 Version/11.00',
        'Opera/9.80 (S60; SymbOS; Opera Mobi/SYB-1103211396; U; es-LA) Presto/2.7.81 Version/11.00',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.7 Safari/537.36',
        'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:75.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/75.0'
    ]
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this request
        # - or return a Response object
        # - or return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called
        User_Agent =random.choice(self.USER_AGENTS)
        request.headers['User-Agent'] = User_Agent
        return None

  User_Agent列表:http://www.useragentstring.com/pages/useragentstring.php

4、IP代理池中间件

  1)购买代理
  A)飞猪IP:https://www.feizhuip.com/
  B)太阳IP:http://www.taiyangruanjian.com/
  C)快代理:http://www.kuaidaili.com/
  D)讯代理:http://www.xdaili.cn/
  E)蚂蚁代理:http://www.mayidaili.com/
  F)阿布云代理:http://www.abuyun.com/
  G)芝麻代理:http://vps.zhimaruanjian.com/
  ……

  2)代码实现(以阿布云动态版HTTP隧道为例)
  A)settings.py文件配置:

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 1

DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/81.0.4044.9 Safari/537.36',
}

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'useragentDemo.middlewares.IPProxyDownloadMiddleware': 100,
}

  B)start.py文件如下:

from scrapy import cmdline
cmdline.execute("scrapy crawl ipproxy".split())

  C)ipproxy.py文件如下:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import json

class IpproxySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'ipproxy'
    allowed_domains = ['httpbin.org']
    start_urls = ['http://httpbin.org/ip']

    def parse(self, response):
        origin = json.loads(response.text)['origin']
        print(origin)
        yield scrapy.Request(self.start_urls[0], dont_filter=True)

  D)middlewares.py文件如下(开放代理):

import random

class IPProxyDownloadMiddleware(object):
    PROXIES = [
        "https://178.44.170.152:8080",
        "https://110.44.113.182:8080",
        "https://209.126.124.73:8888",
        "https://84.42.79.243:8080",
        "https://209.126.124.73:9280",
        "https://209.126.124.73:8891",
        "https://177.97.31.180:8080",
        "https://42.104.84.106:8080",
        "https://117.64.234.7:808",
        "https://103.76.199.166:8080"
    ]
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        proxy = random.choice(self.PROXIES)
        request.meta['proxy'] = proxy

  E)middlewares.py文件如下(独享代理):

import base64

class IPProxyDownloadMiddleware(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        proxyServer = "http://http-dyn.abuyun.com:9020"
        proxyUser = "**************"
        proxyPass = "**************"
        proxyAuth = "Basic " + base64.urlsafe_b64encode(bytes((proxyUser + ":" + proxyPass), "ascii")).decode("utf8")
        request.meta['proxy'] = proxyServer
        request.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = proxyAuth
最后编辑于
©著作权归作者所有,转载或内容合作请联系作者
  • 序言:七十年代末,一起剥皮案震惊了整个滨河市,随后出现的几起案子,更是在滨河造成了极大的恐慌,老刑警刘岩,带你破解...
    沈念sama阅读 211,817评论 6 492
  • 序言:滨河连续发生了三起死亡事件,死亡现场离奇诡异,居然都是意外死亡,警方通过查阅死者的电脑和手机,发现死者居然都...
    沈念sama阅读 90,329评论 3 385
  • 文/潘晓璐 我一进店门,熙熙楼的掌柜王于贵愁眉苦脸地迎上来,“玉大人,你说我怎么就摊上这事。” “怎么了?”我有些...
    开封第一讲书人阅读 157,354评论 0 348
  • 文/不坏的土叔 我叫张陵,是天一观的道长。 经常有香客问我,道长,这世上最难降的妖魔是什么? 我笑而不...
    开封第一讲书人阅读 56,498评论 1 284
  • 正文 为了忘掉前任,我火速办了婚礼,结果婚礼上,老公的妹妹穿的比我还像新娘。我一直安慰自己,他们只是感情好,可当我...
    茶点故事阅读 65,600评论 6 386
  • 文/花漫 我一把揭开白布。 她就那样静静地躺着,像睡着了一般。 火红的嫁衣衬着肌肤如雪。 梳的纹丝不乱的头发上,一...
    开封第一讲书人阅读 49,829评论 1 290
  • 那天,我揣着相机与录音,去河边找鬼。 笑死,一个胖子当着我的面吹牛,可吹牛的内容都是我干的。 我是一名探鬼主播,决...
    沈念sama阅读 38,979评论 3 408
  • 文/苍兰香墨 我猛地睁开眼,长吁一口气:“原来是场噩梦啊……” “哼!你这毒妇竟也来了?” 一声冷哼从身侧响起,我...
    开封第一讲书人阅读 37,722评论 0 266
  • 序言:老挝万荣一对情侣失踪,失踪者是张志新(化名)和其女友刘颖,没想到半个月后,有当地人在树林里发现了一具尸体,经...
    沈念sama阅读 44,189评论 1 303
  • 正文 独居荒郊野岭守林人离奇死亡,尸身上长有42处带血的脓包…… 初始之章·张勋 以下内容为张勋视角 年9月15日...
    茶点故事阅读 36,519评论 2 327
  • 正文 我和宋清朗相恋三年,在试婚纱的时候发现自己被绿了。 大学时的朋友给我发了我未婚夫和他白月光在一起吃饭的照片。...
    茶点故事阅读 38,654评论 1 340
  • 序言:一个原本活蹦乱跳的男人离奇死亡,死状恐怖,灵堂内的尸体忽然破棺而出,到底是诈尸还是另有隐情,我是刑警宁泽,带...
    沈念sama阅读 34,329评论 4 330
  • 正文 年R本政府宣布,位于F岛的核电站,受9级特大地震影响,放射性物质发生泄漏。R本人自食恶果不足惜,却给世界环境...
    茶点故事阅读 39,940评论 3 313
  • 文/蒙蒙 一、第九天 我趴在偏房一处隐蔽的房顶上张望。 院中可真热闹,春花似锦、人声如沸。这庄子的主人今日做“春日...
    开封第一讲书人阅读 30,762评论 0 21
  • 文/苍兰香墨 我抬头看了看天上的太阳。三九已至,却和暖如春,着一层夹袄步出监牢的瞬间,已是汗流浃背。 一阵脚步声响...
    开封第一讲书人阅读 31,993评论 1 266
  • 我被黑心中介骗来泰国打工, 没想到刚下飞机就差点儿被人妖公主榨干…… 1. 我叫王不留,地道东北人。 一个月前我还...
    沈念sama阅读 46,382评论 2 360
  • 正文 我出身青楼,却偏偏与公主长得像,于是被迫代替她去往敌国和亲。 传闻我的和亲对象是个残疾皇子,可洞房花烛夜当晚...
    茶点故事阅读 43,543评论 2 349