第1章 Nginx web应用深入
1.1 Nginx功能模块说明
Nginx软件具有众多功能模块,企业中常用的模块有Nginx核心功能模块和标准的http功能模块集合两个模块。模块化能够使耦合度更低,易于管理。
企业中常用的Nginx http功能模块如下:
Nginx http功能模块 | 模块说明 |
---|---|
ngx_http_core_modul | 核心的http配置参数,对应Nginx的配置为HTTP区块部分 |
ngx_http_access_modul | 访问控制模块,用来控制网站用户对Nginx的访问 |
ngx_http_gzip_modul | 压缩模块,对Nginx返回的数据压缩,属于性能优化模块 |
ngx_http_fastcgi_modul | FastCGI模块,和动态应用相关的模块 |
ngx_http_proxy_modul | proxy代理模块 |
ngx_http_upstream_modul | 负载均衡模块,可以实现网站的负载均衡功能及节点的健康检查 |
ngx_http_rewrite_modul | URL地址重写模块 |
ngx_http_limit_conn_modul | 限制用户并发连接数及请求数模块 |
ngx_http_limit_req_modul | 根据定义的key限制Nginx请求过程的速率 |
ngx_http_log_modul | 访问日志模块,以指定的格式记录Nginx客户访问日志等信息 |
ngx_http_auth_basic_modul | Web认证模块,设置Web用户通过账号、密码访问Nginx |
ngx_http_ssl_modul | ssl模块,用于加密的http连接 |
ngx_http_stub_status_modul | 记录Nginx基本访问状态信息等的模块 |
1.2 虚拟主机分类介绍
1.2.1 虚拟主机的概念
虚拟主机就是在Web服务里的一个独立的网站站点,这个站点对应独立的域名(也可能是IP或端口),具有独立的程序及资源目录,可以独立地对外提供服务供用户访问。
1.2.2 虚拟主机类型
- 基于域名的虚拟主机:就是通过不同的域名区分不同的虚拟主机,是企业中应用最广泛的虚拟主机类型。
- 基于端口的虚拟主机:就是通过不同的端口来区分不同的虚拟主机,主要应用在公司内部的网站。
- 基于IP的虚拟主机:就是通过不同的IP区分不同的虚拟主机。
1.3 基于域名的虚拟主机实践
1.3.1 配置基于域名的nginx.conf文件内容
[root@web02 ~]# cd /application/nginx/conf/ <===切换到配置文件目录
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# egrep -v "^$|#" nginx.conf.default >nginx.conf <===过滤包含#的行和空行,并生成文件nginx.conf
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# cat -n nginx.conf <===查看文件内容
1 worker_processes 1;
2 events {
3 worker_connections 1024;
4 }
5 http {
6 include mime.types;
7 default_type application/octet-stream;
8 sendfile on;
9 keepalive_timeout 65;
10 server {
11 listen 80;
12 server_name localhost;
13 location / {
14 root html;
15 index index.html index.htm;
16 }
17 error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
18 location = /50x.html {
19 root html;
20 }
21 }
22 }
删除文件的17到20行内容,并修改文件如下:
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cat -n nginx.conf
1 worker_processes 1;
2 events {
3 worker_connections 1024;
4 }
5 http {
6 include mime.types;
7 default_type application/octet-stream;
8 sendfile on;
9 keepalive_timeout 65;
10 server {
11 listen 80;
12 server_name www.etiantian.org; <===修改域名为www.etiantian.org
13 location / {
14 root html/www; <===修改域名对应的站点目录
15 index index.html index.htm;
16 }
17 }
18 }
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -t <===检查语法,出现ok和successful为成功
nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -s reload <===平滑重启
1.3.2 创建域名对应的站点目录及文件
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ mkdir ../html/www <===创建对应目录
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ echo "www.etiantian.org" >../html/www/index.html <===创建对应文件,并写入内容
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cat ../html/www/index.html
www.etiantian.org
1.3.3 将域名和对应的IP信息写入/etc/hosts域名解析文件
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ echo "10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org" >>/etc/hosts
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ tail -1 /etc/hosts
10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ ping www.etiantian.org
PING www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from www.etiantian.org (10.0.0.8): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.050 ms
1.3.4 定义环境变量,可以直接使用nginx命令
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ echo 'PATH="/application/nginx/sbin:$PATH"' >>/etc/profile
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ . /etc/profile
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ echo $PATH
/application/nginx/sbin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
1.3.5 linux下测试结果
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl www.etiantian.org
www.etiantian.org
1.3.6 基于多个域名的虚拟主机配置如下
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cat -n nginx.conf
1 worker_processes 1;
2 events {
3 worker_connections 1024;
4 }
5 http {
6 include mime.types;
7 default_type application/octet-stream;
8 sendfile on;
9 keepalive_timeout 65;
10 server {
11 listen 80;
12 server_name www.etiantian.org;
13 location / {
14 root html/www;
15 index index.html index.htm;
16 }
17 }
18 server { <===增加两个server标签
19 listen 80;
20 server_name bbs.etiantian.org;
21 location / {
22 root html/bbs;
23 index index.html index.htm;
24 }
25 }
26 server {
27 listen 80;
28 server_name blog.etiantian.org;
29 location / {
30 root html/blog;
31 index index.html index.htm;
32 }
33 }
34 }
其他步骤和上边一样:
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ mkdir ../html/{bbs,blog}
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ echo "bbs.etiantian.org" >../html/bbs/index.html
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ echo "blog.etiantian.org" >../html/blog/index.html
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -s reload
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ tail -1 /etc/hosts
10.0.0.8 www.etiantian.org bbs.etiantian.org blog.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl www.etiantian.org
www.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl bbs.etiantian.org
bbs.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl blog.etiantian.org
blog.etiantian.org
1.4 基于端口虚拟主机实践
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cp nginx.conf{,_BaseName} <===备份文件
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ vim nginx.conf
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.etiantian.org;
location / {
root html/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
server {
listen 81; <===更改的端口
server_name bbs.etiantian.org;
location / {
root html/bbs;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
server {
listen 82; <===更改的端口
server_name blog.etiantian.org;
"nginx.conf" 34L, 753C 已写入
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -s reload
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ netstat -lntup|grep nginx <===查看端口
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx: master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:81 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx: master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:82 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14322/nginx: master
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl www.etiantian.org
www.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl bbs.etiantian.org:81
bbs.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl blog.etiantian.org:82
blog.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]# curl blog.etiantian.org
www.etiantian.org
注:
- 基于端口的虚拟主机,先匹配请求的端口,然后匹配Server标签域名,把对应域名下面站点目录下的首页文件发给客户端。如果没有匹配的域名,就把第一个虚拟主机的站点目录下的首页文件发给客户端。
- 如果不输入端口号,则默认为80端口,只会返回80端口的虚拟主机的站点目录下的首页文件。
1.5 基于IP的虚拟主机
1.5.1 在网卡上添加多个IP
[root@web02 ~]$ ip addr add 10.0.0.9 dev eth0 label eth0:9
[root@web02 ~]$ ip addr add 10.0.0.10 dev eth0 label eth0:10
[root@web02 ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 10.0.0.8 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.0.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe12:170c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:12:17:0c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 21765 bytes 18029629 (17.1 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 12171 bytes 1426129 (1.3 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth0:9: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 10.0.0.9 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 0.0.0.0
ether 00:0c:29:12:17:0c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
eth0:10: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 10.0.0.10 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 0.0.0.0
1.5.2 修改虚拟主机配置
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cat -n nginx.conf
1 worker_processes 1;
2 events {
3 worker_connections 1024;
4 }
5 http {
6 include mime.types;
7 default_type application/octet-stream;
8 sendfile on;
9 keepalive_timeout 65;
10 server {
11 listen 10.0.0.8:80; <===增加上IP地址
12 server_name www.etiantian.org;
13 location / {
14 root html/www;
15 index index.html index.htm;
16 }
17 }
18 server {
19 listen 10.0.0.9:80; <===增加上IP地址
20 server_name bbs.etiantian.org;
21 location / {
22 root html/bbs;
23 index index.html index.htm;
24 }
25 }
26 server {
27 listen 10.0.0.10:80; <===增加上IP地址
28 server_name blog.etiantian.org;
29 location / {
30 root html/blog;
31 index index.html index.htm;
32 }
33 }
34 }
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -t <===检查语法
nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -s stop <===停止服务
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx <===开启服务
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ netstat -lntup|grep nginx
tcp 0 0 10.0.0.10:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14967/nginx: master
tcp 0 0 10.0.0.9:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14967/nginx: master
tcp 0 0 10.0.0.8:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14967/nginx: master
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl 10.0.0.8
www.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl 10.0.0.9
bbs.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl 10.0.0.10
blog.etiantian.org
1.6 恶意域名解析
1.6.1 什么是恶意域名解析
一般情况下,要使域名能访问到网站需要两步,第一步,将域名解析到网站所在的主机,第二步,在web服务器中将域名与相应的网站绑定。但是,如果通过主机IP能直接访问某网站,那么把域名解析到这个IP也将能访问到该网站,而无需在主机上绑定,也就是说任何人将任何域名解析到这个IP就能访问到这个网站。
1.6.2 恶意域名解析的危害
假如那域名是不友善的域名,比如曾经指向非法网站,容易引发搜索引擎惩罚,连带IP受到牵连。即使域名没什么问题,但流量也会被劫持到别的域名,从而遭到广告联盟的封杀。
1.6.3 如何防止恶意域名解析
配置文件里的第一个标签内容如下,就不会访问到网站内容了:
server{
listen 80;
server_name _default;
return 500;
}
1.7 优化nginx配置文件
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ mkdir extra <===创建目录
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -n '10,17p' nginx.conf <===查看第一个server标签内容
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.etiantian.org;
location / {
root html/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -n '10,17p' nginx.conf >extra/01_www.conf <===将第一个server标签内容写入到extra/01_www.conf文件中
#以下内容依次类推:
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -n '18,25p' nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name bbs.etiantian.org;
location / {
root html/bbs;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -n '18,25p' nginx.conf >extra/02_bbs.conf
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -n '26,33p' nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name blog.etiantian.org;
location / {
root html/blog;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -n '26,33p' nginx.conf >extra/03_blog.conf
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -i '10,33d' nginx.conf <===删除原文件的3个标签内容
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ sed -i '10 i include extra/*.conf; ' nginx.conf <===在原文件插入内容
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cat nginx.conf
worker_processes 1;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
include extra/*.conf;
}
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.16.0//conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ nginx -s reload
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl www.etiantian.org
www.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl bbs.etiantian.org
bbs.etiantian.org
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ curl blog.etiantian.org
blog.etiantian.org
1.8 设置别名
在标签内的server_name结尾增加别名内容:
[root@web02 /application/nginx/conf]$ cat extra/01_www.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.etiantian.org etiantian.org;
location / {
root html/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}