Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a scientific approach to understanding behavior. ABA refers to a set of principles that focus on how behaviors change, or are affected by the environment, as well as how learning takes place. The term behavior refers to skills and actions needed to talk, play, and live. While these principles impact everyone each day, they can be applied systematically through interventions to help individuals learn and apply new skills in their daily lives.

应用行为分析(ABA)是一种理解行为的科学方法。ABA 指的是一系列原则，这些原则关注于行为如何改变，或者如何受到环境的影响，以及学习如何发生。行为这个术语指的是说话、玩耍和生活所需要的技能和行动。虽然这些原则每天都会影响到每个人，但可以通过干预措施系统地应用这些原则，帮助个人在日常生活中学习和应用新技能。

ABA requires the implementation of established principles of learning, behavioral strategies, and environmental modifications to improve and teach new behaviors. In practice, implementation must be systematic so teachers can identify how behavior can be changed and understand how learning occurred. The ultimate goal of ABA is to establish and enhance socially important behaviors. Such behaviors can include academic, social, communication, and daily living skills; essentially, any skill that will enhance the independence and/or quality of life for the individual.

ABA 要求实施既定的学习原则、行为策略和环境修正，以改善和教授新的行为。在实践中，实施必须是系统的，这样教师可以确定如何改变行为和了解如何学习发生。ABA 的最终目标是建立和增强社会重要行为。这些行为包括学术、社交、沟通和日常生活技能; 本质上，任何能够提高个人独立性和/或生活质量的技能。

Question: How are Applied Behavior Analysis principals and methods used?

问题: 应用行为分析原理和方法是如何使用的？

Answer:The principles and methods of ABA can be used to support individuals in at least five ways.

答: ABA 的原则和方法至少可以在五个方面用于支持个人。

ABA can be used to increase behaviors, such as attending to a speaker or greeting a peer.

ABA 可以用来增加行为，比如听话或者问候同伴。

The principles and methods can be used to teach a student new skills, including using a spoon and learning addition.

这些原理和方法可以用来教学生新的技能，包括使用勺子和学习附加。

ABA can be used to maintain behaviors, for example, reading sight words that were learned previously.

ABA 可以用来维持行为，例如，阅读以前学过的视觉单词。

ABA principles and methods can be used to help a student generalize or transfer behavior from one situation or response to another. For instance, a student may learn to generalize completing assignments in the resource room to completing them in the general education classroom.

ABA 原则和方法可以用来帮助学生泛化行为从一种情况或反应到另一种情况。例如，一个学生可能学会将在资源室完成的作业泛化到在普通教育课堂完成的作业。

ABA can be used to reduce interfering or challenging behaviors.

ABA 可用于减少干扰或具有挑战性的行为。

Understanding what is meant by ABA is increased if each term is defined individually: Applied, Behavior, and Analysis.

如果每个术语都是单独定义的: 应用、行为和分析，那么对 ABA 含义的理解就会增加。

Question: What does the word, "Applied" mean?

问: “应用”这个词是什么意思？

Answer:ABA interventions deal with behaviors of demonstrated social significance -- behaviors that are important! When implementing ABA interventions, teachers are targeting behaviors that are essential to the person. For example, learning to cross a street safely may be critical for a person who has a new job in the city, while learning to order lunch in the cafeteria may be critical for someone else. The range of behavior issues addressed by ABA is broad and deep.

回答: ABA 干预处理显示出社会意义的行为---- 重要的行为！在执行 ABA 干预时，教师的目标行为对个人来说是必不可少的。例如，学会安全地过马路对于在城市里找到新工作的人来说可能是至关重要的，而学会在自助餐厅里点午餐对于其他人来说可能是至关重要的。由 ABA 解决的行为问题的范围是广泛和深入的。

The following list illustrates the scope of possible behaviors:

下面的列表说明了可能的行为范围:

Teaching social skills, 教授社交技巧,

Generalizing reading sight words in different texts,

概括阅读不同文本中的视觉词汇,

Teaching toileting skills, 教授如厕技巧,

Teaching appropriate break room behavior, 教授适当的休息室行为,

Teaching the bed time routine, 教授睡觉时间规律,

Increasing requesting desired objects, 增加请求所需的对象,

Generalizing conversational skills to colleagues in the work place, and

向工作场所的同事推广会话技巧，以及

Teaching riding a bus. 教学乘坐公共汽车

Question: What does the word, "Behavior" mean?

问: “行为”这个词是什么意思？

Answer: In orderIn order to understand ABA, it is critical to understand what is meant by behavior. Behavior is anything a person does. Behavior is measurable and observable. Often behavior is thought of in negative terms, for example, screaming or hitting. However, behavior applies to all kinds of positive actions and skills too, including greeting a peer, performing a math problem, signing a letter, asking a question, and so on.

回答: 为了理解 ABA，理解什么是行为是至关重要的。行为是一个人做的任何事情。行为是可测量和可观察的。人们通常认为行为是消极的，比如尖叫或打人。然而，行为也适用于各种积极的行为和技能，包括问候同伴，解决数学问题，签署信件，问问题等等。

When behavior is discussed in the context of ABA, it is generally considered in three differents contexts.

当在 ABA 的背景下讨论行为时，通常在三种不同的背景下考虑。

Behaviors that are to be maintained over time, such as a child who has learned to brush his teeth or the adolescent who has learned to manage a check book.

需要长期保持的行为，比如一个已经学会刷牙的孩子，或者一个已经学会管理支票簿的青少年。

Behaviors that should be increased. For the person who is unable to request something to eat or interact with a peer, teaching these skills is a priority.

应该增加的行为。对于那些不能要求吃东西或者不能与同伴互动的人来说，教授这些技能是首要任务。

Behaviors that need to be decreased. Obviously, a parent wants to see a child spending less time screaming or having a tantrum, in this case, the parent would also want to see positive behaviors increase, such as communicating or asking for help.

需要减少的行为。显然，父母希望看到孩子花更少的时间尖叫或发脾气，在这种情况下，父母也希望看到积极的行为增加，如沟通或寻求帮助。

Question: What does the word, "Analysis" mean?

问: “分析”这个词是什么意思？

Answer: Through the use of clear definitions for behavior and systematic delivery of interventions, reliable relationships between interventions and behavior can be established. There is also a need for a reliable collection of data, as well as analysis of these data to determine if behaviors are changing. Through analysis, teachers can determine if behaviors are increasing or decreasing, as well as the rate of the change. This allows objective decisions to be made about future interventions. The following components are needed to ensure analysis can be completed:

回答: 通过对行为和干预的系统交付使用明确的定义，干预和行为之间可以建立可靠的关系。还需要可靠的数据收集，以及对这些数据的分析，以确定行为是否正在发生变化。通过分析，教师可以判断行为是增加还是减少，以及变化的速度。这样就可以对未来的干预措施做出客观的决定。为确保能够完成分析，需要以下组成部分:

Specific intervention goals and objectives, 具体的干预目的和目标,

A well-defined plan including the strategies used to meet the goals and objectives,

一个明确的计划，包括用来实现目标和目的的战略,

Ongoing data collection to show the intervention was actually responsible for the behavior gains, and

正在进行的数据收集表明干预实际上是行为收益的原因，以及

A plan to ensure the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains.

保证处理收益普遍化和维持的计划。

Question: What are the basic principles of ABA?

问题: ABA 的基本原则是什么？

Answer: The basic principles of ABA consist of environmental variables that impact behavior. These variables are antecedents and consequences. Antecedents are events that happen right before the behavior, and a consequence is the event following the behavior. It is through systematic application of antecedents and consequences that target behavior will maintain, increase, or decrease -- this is how learning will occur!

答: ABA 的基本原理包括影响行为的环境变量。这些变量是前因和后果。前因是行为发生前的事件，后果是行为发生后的事件。通过系统地应用前因和后果，目标行为将维持、增加或减少---- 这就是学习将如何发生！

A comprehensive ABA plan needs to address all the component areas: antecedent, behavior, and consequence.

一个全面的 ABA 计划需要解决所有的组成领域: 前因，行为和后果。

Question: How can antecedents be used to impact behavior?

问题: 前因如何影响行为？

Answer: There is always an antecedent to a behavior, whether its a positive behavior to be increased or a negative behavior to be decreased. Antecedents are important to understand as they help the learner know what to do. For example, when John, a 16 year old with ASD, is shown a picture of the family van, he knows to put his shoes on and get in the car.

回答: 一个行为总是有一个先决条件的，无论它是一个积极的行为要增加或一个消极的行为要减少。前事对于理解非常重要，因为它们可以帮助学习者知道该做什么。例如，当约翰，一个16岁的自闭症患者，看到一张家庭面包车的照片时，他知道穿上鞋子上车。

There are many ways to alter antecedents to impact learning. The most important way to target antecedents is by directly adapting instruction and student tasks so the student will have success. For example, Ty has a difficult time responding to multiple word sentences so one word instruction will be used instead of sentences. James gets overwhelmed when he does not know what he is supposed to do in his reading assignment. Therefore, directions are presented to him using picture cards.

影响学习的前因变量有很多种。直接适应教学和学生的任务是有针对性地进行前因研究的重要途径，使学生获得成功。例如，Ty 很难对多个单词句子做出反应，所以只能使用一个单词指令来代替句子。当詹姆斯不知道在他的阅读作业中应该做什么时，他会感到不知所措。因此，指示是用图片卡片给他的。

The environment or instructional materials can also be altered when considering antecedents. This addresses circumstances that set the stage for a behavior. The following examples illustrate how manipulating the environment and/or instructional materials can change behavior.

在考虑先行词时，环境或教学材料也可以改变。这解决了为某种行为搭建舞台的环境问题。下面的例子说明如何操作环境和/或教学材料可以改变行为。

Jake has difficulty completing a writing task in a collaborative work group, so he is paired with one peer instead of a group of his peers.

杰克在一个协作工作小组里很难完成一项写作任务，所以他和一个同事而不是一群同事配对。

Joni has difficulty with math; therefore, she completes her math problems in the morning when she is at her best.

乔妮在数学方面有困难，因此，她总是在早上状态最好的时候完成数学题。

When Skyler works on reading comprehension, she is asked to match a picture to the sentence that she just read; her peers are asked to answer a multiple choice question.

当 Skyler 在《阅读理解工作时，她被要求将一幅图片与她刚刚读到的句子进行匹配; 她的同伴被要求回答一道多项选择题。

Question: How can consequences be used to impact behavior?

问题: 如何利用后果来影响行为？

Answer: How behavior is affected by the consequences that follow is a crucial element in all aspects of ABA. There are limitations to what can be changed before a behavior occurs, but the most control that teachers have is over how they respond to a behavior. Is attention the consequence? Is praise delivered as the consequence? Is the person allowed to "get out of" an activity?

回答: 行为如何受到后续结果的影响是 ABA 所有方面的一个关键因素。在一个行为发生之前，什么可以改变是有局限性的，但是教师最大的控制力在于他们如何对一个行为做出反应。注意力是后果吗？表扬是否就是结果？这个人被允许“退出”一项活动吗？

The most effective consequence is the use of reinforcement to reinforce appropriate behaviors. The term reinforcement is often assumed to refer to things that an individual likes to do or a preferred object. However, in ABA, reinforcement goes further than this. Reinforcement is defined as something that, when provided after a behavior, increases the future frequency of that behavior. In other words, reinforcement must result in a behavior change!

最有效的后果是使用强化来强化适当的行为。强化这个术语通常被认为是指个人喜欢做的事情或者喜欢的对象。然而，在 ABA，强化比这更进一步。强化的定义是，当在一个行为之后提供的东西，增加了该行为未来的频率。换句话说，强化必须导致行为的改变！

ABA breaks reinforcement down into positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is defined as an event in which the addition of something the person likes (praise, money, food, or toys) increases the frequency of the target behavior in the future. For example, Joey shares his toy with his little brother and his mom tells him how nice he is and gives him a treat. In the future, Joey shares his toy with his little brother more often.

ABA 将强化分解为正强化和负强化。正强化被定义为一个事件，在这个事件中，人们喜欢的东西(表扬，金钱，食物，或玩具)的增加，在未来的目标行为的频率。例如，乔伊和他的弟弟分享他的玩具，他的妈妈告诉他他是多么好，并给了他一个奖励。以后，乔伊经常和弟弟分享他的玩具。

Negative reinforcement is defined as the removal of something aversive or "negative" to increase the future frequency of that behavior. For example, Ms. Wiley gives homework every day; however, yesterday, each student turned their homework in on time so Ms. Wiley does not give homework today. In this case, the negative occurrence of daily homework was removed to reinforce turning in homework. Is it likely Ms. Wiley's class will turn their homework in more frequently now?

负强化的定义是去除一些令人厌恶或“负面”的东西，以增加未来的频率，该行为。例如，Wiley 女士每天都布置家庭作业; 然而，昨天，每个学生都按时交作业，所以 Wiley 女士今天不布置家庭作业。在这种情况下，每天家庭作业的负面发生被移除，以加强在家庭作业上交。威利女士的班级现在会更频繁地交作业吗？

Another consequence is punishment. Punishment is providing something following a behavior that decreases the frequency of the target behavior in the future. Punishment is not recommended as it often has a negative impact on the individual and yields change that is not long lasting. In some cases, when using punishment to decrease future occurences of a behavior something is added that is aversive or not liked such as yelling or social disapproval. Many of us have been exposed to this form of punishment. Examples include a verbal reprimand or a speeding ticket. Other punishment might entail removing or taking away something enjoyed to decrease future behavior. Loss of computer time and being grounded for the weekend are two examples of this type of punishment.

另一个后果是惩罚。惩罚是提供某种行为后，减少目标行为的频率在未来。不建议惩罚，因为惩罚往往对个人产生负面影响，并产生不长久的变化。在某些情况下，当使用惩罚来减少未来行为的发生时，会加上一些令人厌恶或不喜欢的东西，例如大喊大叫或社会反对。我们中的许多人都遭受过这种形式的惩罚。例如口头谴责或超速罚单。其他惩罚可能包括删除或者拿走某些享受的东西，以减少未来的行为。损失电脑时间和周末被禁足就是这种惩罚的两个例子。

Question: Who can benefit from ABA?

问题: 谁能从 ABA 中受益？

Answer: The principles of ABA are present daily in all our lives. Behaviors are shaped or altered based on the antecedents and consequences that a person encounters. For example, if a barking dog keeps someone in the neighborhood awake at night, the person will likely learn to shut the window before going to bed. This is an example of an antecedent that affected behavior. If an employee receives a bonus at work for doing a good job, he or she is likely to work harder. This is an example of how a consequence may shape behavior. Environmental variables such as these are constantly at play, often impacting learning and behavior.

答: ABA 的原则每天都存在于我们的生活中。行为是根据一个人所遇到的前因和后果而形成或改变的。例如，如果一只狂吠的狗让邻居夜不能寐，这个人可能会在睡觉前学会关上窗户。这是一个影响行为的前因的例子。如果一个员工因为工作表现出色而获得奖金，他或她可能会更加努力地工作。这是一个结果如何影响行为的例子。诸如此类的环境变量一直在发挥作用，经常影响学习和行为。

Question: Where and by whom is ABA used?

问题: 在哪里和由谁使用 ABA？

Answer: The interventions that have been developed using the principles of ABA are used in every walk of life and every profession. Different types of people use ABA in their jobs and in their lives. Parents, teachers, psychologists, managers, and a wide variety of others use these principles in education, weight loss, animal training, gerontology, industrial safety, advertising, medical procedures, marketing, automobile safety, sports, and a host of other fields and activities. Applied Behavior Analysis is used in both general and special education classrooms. For example, teachers use ABA to manage classroom behavior, teach group reading skills, and help the class memorize multiplication facts.

回答: 使用 ABA 原则制定的干预措施被应用于各行各业和各行各业。不同类型的人在工作和生活中使用 ABA。父母、教师、心理学家、管理者以及其他各种各样的人在教育、减肥、动物训练、老年学、工业安全、广告、医疗程序、市场营销、汽车安全、运动以及一系列其他领域和活动中使用这些原则。应用行为分析在普通教育课堂和特殊教育课堂都有应用。例如，教师使用 ABA 来管理课堂行为，教授小组阅读技巧，并帮助学生记忆乘法事实。

These principles have also been studied and developed to be used with special populations of individuals in recent years, including those with ASD. ABA techniques can be especially useful in teaching behaviors to children with ASD who may otherwise not “pick up” these behaviors on their own as quickly as other children might. A wide variety of ABA techniques have been developed for building useful skills in learners of all ages. These techniques can be used in both structured situations, such as formal instruction in classrooms, and in more natural everyday situations, such as play or mealtime. They are used to develop basic skills like attending, listening, and imitating, as well as complex skills like reading, conversing, and taking the perspective of others.

近年来，这些原则也被研究和发展用于特殊人群，包括那些自闭症患者。ABA 技术可以特别有用的教授自闭症儿童的行为，否则他们可能不会像其他孩子那样“学会”这些行为。各种各样的 ABA 技术已经开发，以建立有用的技能在学习者的所有年龄。这些技巧既可以用于结构化的情境，如课堂上的正式教学，也可以用于更自然的日常情境，如玩耍或用餐时间。他们被用来培养基本的技能，如注意，倾听，模仿，以及复杂的技能，如阅读，交谈，以及采取他人的观点。

Question: What are some of the teaching strategies used in ABA?

问题: ABA 中使用的一些教学策略是什么？

Answer: Teachers, parents, and behavior specialists have many tools in their tool boxes. ABA includes many strategies and procedures that can be helpful. Some of the most frequently used include prompting, shaping, task analysis, functional behavior analysis/assessment, antecedent interventions, and functional communication training.  答: 老师、家长和行为专家在他们的工具箱里有许多工具。ABA 包括许多有用的策略和程序。其中最常用的有激励、塑造、任务分析、功能行为分析/评估、先行干预和功能交流训练。

Question: Is Discrete Trial Training the same as ABA?

问题: 离散试验训练和 ABA 一样吗？

Answer: There is confusion around the terms Discrete Trial Training (DTT) and ABA. DTT is one of many teaching procedures used within ABA. However, these terms are NOT synonymous. Instead, DTT is a teaching strategy based in the principles of ABA that focuses on skill acquisition and is useful when teaching early learning skills such as receptive instructions or imitation, or when the learner needs skills broken down into small, learnable parts.

回答: 关于离散试验培训(DTT)和 ABA 这两个术语存在混淆。DTT是 ABA 中使用的众多教学程序之一。然而，这些术语并不是同义词。相反，DTT教学是一种基于 ABA 原则的教学策略，注重技能习得，在早期教授接受性指令或模仿等学习技能时，或者当学习者需要将技能分解成小而易学的部分时，DTT教学很有用。

There are four main components to discrete trial training: instruction, response, consequence, and the inter trial interval. First, the teacher gives an instruction. Second, the student responds. If it is a new skill, a prompt may be given by the teacher between the instruction and response to help the student respond correctly. The student’s response is evaluated as correct or incorrect and based on this determination, a consequence is delivered. If correct, positive reinforcement is provided. If incorrect, the teacher will provide a correction procedure. This completes the discrete learning trial and the teacher then waits for a determined period of time (e.g. 5 seconds) before continuing with the next trial. If the teacher needs to design a learning program that breaks each component down into the simplest possible terms and plans to teach each item individually, then he or she might choose to use discrete trial training.

DTT训练包括四个主要组成部分: 指导、反应、结果和间隔试验。首先，老师给出一个指示。第二，学生回答。如果是一项新技能，老师可能会在指导和回应之间给出提示，以帮助学生正确地回应。学生的回答被评估为正确或不正确，并且基于这个判断，结果被传递。如果正确，则提供正强化。如有错误，教师会提供改正程序。这就完成了DTT的学习试验，然后老师等待一段确定的时间(例如5秒钟) ，然后继续下一个试验。如果老师需要设计一个学习计划，将每个部分分解成尽可能简单的术语，并计划单独教授每个项目，那么他或她可能会选择使用DTT试验培训。

Summary

摘要

Applied behavior analysis is a science in which interventions are taken from existing research and applied to improve behavior in socially significant ways. ABA is a way to approach behavior that will maximize positive outcomes. Simply put, ABA requires constructing intervention strategies that define the antecedents and consequences that will result in the increase of positive skills and the decrease of problem behaviors. Decisions regarding the effectiveness of the intervention are based on data collected. Based on the data analysis, the parent or interventionist may choose to continue with the intervention or change the intervention to produce positive outcomes for the individual.

应用行为分析是一门从现有研究中提取干预措施并应用于改善具有社会意义的行为的科学。ABA 是一种接近行为的方式，这种方式将使积极的结果最大化。简单地说，ABA 需要建立干预策略，明确前因和后果，这将导致积极技能的增加和问题行为的减少。关于干预有效性的决定是基于收集的数据。根据数据分析，家长或干预主义者可能选择继续干预或改变干预，为个人产生积极的结果。