方法论：因果推论法，对比论证法，例证法
因果推论法：主题句-条件-结果-影响
对比论证法：与反面事物对比，时间对比，假设对比
例证法：主题句，解释，举例，总结
因果推论法：主题句-条件-结果-影响
案例1 主题句 However, awareness ought to be aroused to avoid the phenomenon of filling a post without real qualifications. 条件 If equal grade is given to all group members, 结果 there is a hidden possibility that certain members might refuse to contribute wholeheartedly. Just as what is depicted in the famous Chinese fable, some players might pretend to make contributions in disguise. 影响 Such dishonest behavior is also destructive to the quality of a group and must be strictly avoided.
案例2 主题句 Watching TV too much tends to have an unfavorable influence on the family relationship, 条件 by which I mean if one spends the vast majority of his spare time on television, 结果 he will lack sufficient time for communication with the family members, 影响 which may possibly result in the alienation in the family.
例证法：主题句，解释，举例，总结
主题句 To begin with, there is no denying that movies and TV programs produced in one's own country are closer to his daily life and easier to understand. 解释 The setting of background and plots, and the design of actor's lines all comply with the native customs, values and concepts. 举例 For instance, in some comedies, the laughing points are often hidden in the local dialects or slangs that could only be comprehended by the natives. It is difficult for the foreigners to grasp the central meaning, not to mention the subtexts. 例子子含义总结 All these potential factors are combined together to make the movie not as interesting as it is supposed to be in the eyes of a foreign audience.
主题句 Obviously, this measure is destined to reduce car use at peak times. 解释 For fear of being fined or losing money, people may deliberately avoid driving to work. Paying fees proves to be the most effective way to manipulate people's personal behavior in public, as it is in line with people's general psychological state. 举例 Such an adoption is actually not unique to a single nation. For instance, traffic jam fees were introduced in Singapore in 1975. Since then, Sweden, Britain, Norway, Italy, and China have followed suit. 例子子含义总结 Due to the measures implemented, the traffic volumes were brought down by between 10 to 20 percent.
对比类题型写法
开头段 I tend to believe that the ability to be creative is no less important than the knowledge gained through study.
第二段 The power of creativity far outweighs that of the basic knowledge with regard to successful inventions that dramatically change the world.
第三段 Knowledge gained through study paves the way for people to be creative during the endeavor toward brilliant success.
结尾段 Not only a good command of knowledge is required, the ability to be creative has become increasingly important than before.
1 与反面事物对比
+a ) Even though movies for amusement help people feel relaxed and happy for a while, they might soon be forgotten.
-a) By contrast, the influences of serious movies last longer and are more easily treasured as memories. After all, the best art is to be remembered, not to be forgotten.
2 与反面事物对比
主题句 Secondly, friends in the same age group may be limited with expressing their ideas to each other. +a) Indeed, most friends of the same age were brought up with a similar social background and share similar views on the world. They are unlikely to possess broader minds than older friends. When facing a certain problem, people of the same age may have similar views. -a) Conversely, older friends may contribute totally fresh ideas that win the heart and mind of the person needing support. Such a psychological reaction further explains why people are more willing to accept guidelines from those who are older than themselves.
3 假设对比
主题句 Besides, dressing roles help display favorable images to the public. +a）As important social organs, enterprises and schools shoulder the responsibility to exhibit their overall qualities to the masses. -a）Suppose everyone is allowed the freedom to choose his own styles of clothing: there might be an emergence of eccentric styles that could severely damage the good image of an entire organization. 总结 Keeping to the modest principles of clothing styles is absolutely a best way to maintain the original essences of these social units.
